OVERVIEW OF RADIOGRAPHY

The imaging process

DDRI 2025
The imaging process
• Dfn,
• Image processing involves performing operations on an image to make it
better or to get important information from it
Subtopics to cover

1. Definition of general terms

2. An introduction and overview
3. Image formation and characteristics
4. Image processing
5. Image quality
6. Image post-processing
An introduction and overview

• History
• : Imaging began when a picture was formed through a tiny pinhole air lens in
a Camera Obscura and then traced onto a surface in 1021 Iraq and 1550s Italy.
This first phase of the technology.
• Radiology began in 1895, when Wilhelm Rontgen accidentally discovered x-
rays, which is a type of radiation that can penetrate most solid objects

• On November 8, 1895, William C. Roentgen discovered the x-ray

An introduction and overview
• In this module will cover image formation in
• Conventional radiography
• Computed radiography
• Ultrasound
• Magnetic resonance imaging radionuclide imaging
• digital substraction

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 Conventional
radiography
• Involves the use of x-rays; the term “plain x-rays” is sometimes used
to distinguish x-rays used alone from x-rays combined with other
techniques (eg, CT).

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 Types of Conventional Radiography-

• 1. Plain Radiography (X-Rays):

• This is thе most common typе of radiography. It’s likе taking a rеgular
photograph of thе body.
• 2. Fluoroscopy:
• It’s likе taking continuous X-ray imagеs in rеal-timе.
• 3. Contrast Studiеs:
• Thеsе arе likе using a spеcial dyе to highlight cеrtain arеas.
Other types of Conventional
Radiography-
• 5. Dеntal Radiography:
• This is likе X-rays for your tееth.
• 6. Skеlеtal Radiography:
• Whеn doctors nееd to chеck our bonеs in dеtail.
• 7. Chеst X-rays:
• Thеsе arе likе a quick snapshot of thе chеst.
• 8. Abdominal Radiography:
• It hеlps find issuеs in thе stomach and intеstinеs.
• 9. Skull Radiography:
• It’s all about looking at thе hеad and thе bonеs insidе it.
• 10. Spinal Radiography:
• It hеlps find problеms in thе spinе, likе slippеd discs or injuriеs.
Dеntal Radiography:
Skеlеtal Radiography:

Skеlеtal Radiography:
Whеn doctors nееd to chеck our
bonеs in dеtail.
7. Chеst X-rays:
Thеsе arе likе a quick snapshot of
thе chеst.
8. Abdominal Radiography:
It hеlps find issuеs in thе stomach
and intеstinеs.
9. Skull Radiography:
It’s all about looking at thе hеad
and thе bonеs insidе it.
10. Spinal Radiography:
It hеlps find problеms in thе spinе,
likе slippеd discs or injuriеs.
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ASSIGMENT
• MENTION TYPES OF CONVETIONA RADIOGRAPHY
Image formation and
characteristics
conventional radiography
Image formation and characteristics

For conventional radiography, an x-ray beam is generated and passed through a

patient to a piece of film or a radiation detector, producing an image.
Image formation and
characteristics1
• Different soft tissues attenuate x-ray photons differently, depending
on tissue density; the denser the tissue, the whiter (more radiopaque)
the image.
Image formation and
characteristics2
• The range of densities, from most to least dense, is represented by;
• metal (white, or radiopaque),
• bone cortex (less white),
• muscle and fluid (gray),
• fat (darker gray),
• and air or gas (black, or radiolucent).
Conventional radiography(2)

• Radiography is the most readily available imaging method

• Typically, it is the first imaging method indicated to evaluate the
extremities, chest, and sometimes the spine and abdomen.
• These areas contain important structures with densities that differ
from those of adjacent tissues.

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Variations of Conventional radiography(3)

• radiography is a first-line test for detecting the following:

• Fractures: White bone is well seen because it is adjacent to gray soft tissues.
• Pneumonia: Inflammatory exudate that fills the lungs is well seen because it
contrasts with adjacent, more radiolucent air spaces.
• Intestinal obstruction: Dilated, air-filled loops of intestine are well seen
amidst the surrounding soft tissue.

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ASSIGMENT
• Explain uses of convnvetional radiography
Contrast studies
• When the density of adjacent tissues is similar, a radiopaque
contrast agent is often added to one tissue or structure to
differentiate it from its surroundings.
• Structures typically requiring a contrast agent include
1. blood vessels (for angiography) a
2. the lumina of the gastrointestinal, biliary, and genitourinary tracts.

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Contrast studies

• Gas may be used to distend the lower gastrointestinal tract and make it visible
• Other imaging tests (eg, CT, MRI) have largely replaced contrast
studies because their tomographic images provide better anatomic
localization of an abnormality.
• example Endoscopic procedures have largely replaced barium contrast studies of the
esophagus, stomach, and upper intestinal tract.

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quiz
1. What are the uses of contrast studies
2. When they are used
Fluoroscopy
• Is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X-ray image on a
monitor, much like an X-ray movie.
• A continuous x-ray beam is used to produce real-time images of
moving structures or objects.
• Fluoroscopy is most often used with contrast studies (eg, in
swallowing studies or coronary artery catheterization)

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Fluoroscopy(2)
• During medical procedures to guide placement of a cardiac lead,
catheter, or needle (eg, in electrophysiologic testing or percutaneous
coronary interventions)

• Fluoroscopy can also be used in real time to detect motion of the

diaphragm and of bones and joints (eg, to assess the stability of
musculoskeletal injuries)
 Image formation and characteristics
in Conventional radiography

X-rays:
• These are form of electromagnetic radiations on radioactive
materials like radon,Tungestan or Mobedium emitted after applying
electricity on containing photon energy
• these are ionizing electromagnetic radiation which usually characterized by the
energy contained in photon
• A photon is a particle which contain frequency as well as wavelength

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assigment
• Briefly explain how image is formed in Fluoroscopy(300 words)
Image formation and characteristics
in Conventional radiography(2)

• a unit which produce x-rays is known as imaging system

• It provide a controlled flow of electrons intense enough to produce an

x-ray beam appropriate for imaging

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 historical Conventional
radiography imaging system

X-ray machine
1895
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Assiment
Write an essay describing historical and discovery Conventional
radiography imaging system