Topic :– Insecticide,

classification of Insecticide.
Insecticidal Act and Spraying
Techniques
INSECTICIDES

Meaning:- Chemicals which kill insects are

called as insecticides.
 DEFINITION

• Insecticide may be defined as a substance

or mixture of substances intended to kill,
repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
General Properties of Insecticides

1. Pesticides are generally available in a

concentrated form which are to be diluted and
used except in ready to use dust and granules.
2. They are highly toxic and available in
different formulations.
Properties of an ideal insecticide

1. It should be freely available in the market

under different formulations.
2. It should be toxic and kill the pest required
to be controlled.
3. It should not be phytotoxic to the crops on
which it is used.
4. It should not be toxic to non target species
like animals, natural enemies etc.
5. It should be less harmful to human beings
and other animals.
 Classification Of Insecticides

1. Based on chemical composition

2. Based on the mode of entry of insecticides into

the body of the insect

3. Based on mode of action

4. Based on toxicity

5. Based on stage specificity

 1. Based on Chemical composition

Inorganic insecticides Organic Insecticides

• Inorganic insecticides: Comprise compounds of mineral origin

and elemental sulphur. This group includes arsenate and fluorine
compounds as insecticides. Sulphur as acaricides and zinc
phosphide as rodenticides

• Organic Insecticides:
1. Insecticides of animal origin: Nereistoxin isolated from marine
annelids, fish oil rosin soap from fishes etc.
2. Plant Origin insecticides or Botanical insecticides: Nicotinoids,
pyrethroids, Rotenoids etc.
3. Synthetic organic insecticides: Organochlorines ,
Organophosphorous, Carbamate insecticides etc.,
4. Hydrocarbon oils etc.
2. Based on the mode of entry of the insecticides
into the body of the insect

Contact poisons Stomach poisons Fumigants Systemic insecticides

• Contact poisons: These insecticides are capable of gaining entry into

the insect body either through spiracles and trachea or through the
cuticle itself. Hence, these poisons can kill the insects by mere coming in
contact with the body of the insects. Eg: DDT .
• Stomach poisons: The insecticides applied on the leaves and other
parts of plants when ingested act on the digestive system of the insect
and bring aboutthe kill of the insect. Eg: Calcium arsenate, lead arsenate.
•Fumigants: A fumigant is a chemical substance which is volatile at
ordinary temperatures and sufficiently toxic to the insects. Eg: Aluminium
phosphide,Carbon disulphide.
•Systemic insecticides: Chemicals that are capable of moving through the
vascular systems of plants irrespective of site of application and
poisoning insects that feed on the plants. Eg: Methyl demeton,
Phosphamidon , Acephate.
 3. Based on mode of action
Physical poisons Protoplasmic poisons
Respiratory poisons Nerve poisons
Chitin inhibitors General Poisons
Physical poisons: Bring about the kill of insects by exerting a physicaleffect. Eg:
Heavy oils, tar oils etc. which cause death by asphyxiation. Inert dusts effect loss
of body moisture by their abrasiveness as in aluminium oxide or absorb moisture
from the body as in charcoal.
Protoplasmic poisons: A toxicant responsible for precipitation of protein
especially destruction of cellular protoplasm of midgut epithelium. Eg. Arsenical
compounds.
Respiratory poisons: Chemicals which block cellular respiration as in hydrogen
cyanide (HCN), carbon monoxide etc.
Nerve poisons: Chemicals which block Acetyl cholinesterase(AChE) and effect the
nervous system. Eg. Organophosphorous, carbamates.
Chitin inhibitors: Chitin inhibitors interfere with process of synthesis of chitin due
to which normal moulting and development is disrupted. Ex Novaluron, Lufenuron
,Buprofezin
General Poisons: Compounds which include neurotoxic symptoms after some
period and do not belong to the above categories. Eg.Chlordane, Toxaphene
 4. Based on toxicity

Extremely toxic Highly toxic Moderately toxic Less toxic

Colour:- Red Colour:-Yellow Colour:- Blue Colour:- Green

Toxicity:- Toxicity:- Pioson Toxicity:- Danger

Skull & Pioson Toxicity:- Caution

Oral LD50 :- 1-50 Oral LD50 - 51- Oral LD50 - 501-

500 5000 Oral LD50 - >5000
DermalLD50 :- DermalLD50 - DermalLD50 -
1-200 201-2000 2001-20,000 DermalLD50 -
>20,000
 5. Based on stage specificity

Ovicides Larvicides Pupicides Adulticides

Ovicides:- A Substance or agent that kills eggs, especially the eggs of

insects, mites, or nematodes.

Larvicides:- A larvicide is an insecticide that is specifically targeted

against the larval life stage of an insect

Pupicides:- A pupicide is an insecticide that is specifically targeted

against the pupa of an insect

Adulticides:- A pesticide designed to kill adult insects rather than their

larvae.
 Insecticides Act, 1968
The Government of India passed an Insecticide Act in 1968 to regulate
the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of
insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals.
All the provisions of the Insecticides Act was brought into force with
effect from 1st August, 1971.

Rules Framed :-
There is compulsory registration of the pesticides at
the Central level and licence for their manufacture, formulation and
sale are dealt with at the State level. With the enforcement of the
Insecticides Act in the country pesticides of very high quality are
made available to the farmers and general public for house-hold use,
for protecting the agricultural crops from the ravages of their pests,
humans from diseases and nuisance caused by public health pests
and the health hazards involved in their use have been minimised to a
great extent.
For the effective enforcement of the Insecticides Act, the following
bodies have been constituted at the Central level.

Central Insecticide Board:-

The Government has constituted Central Insecticides Board under
the Chairmanship of Director General of Health Services with 29
members from different speciality and government organisations.

Functions:

1. To advise the Central and state Governments on technical

matters.
2. To specify the uses of the classification of insecticides on the
basis of their toxicity.
3. To advise tolerance limits for insecticides, residues.
4. An establishment of minimum intervals between the application
of insecticides and harvest in respect of various commodities.
5. To specify the shelf-life of insecticides.
Registration committee
Registration Committee consisting of a Chairman and other five
persons who shall be members of the Board. The main objective
the committee is to register insecticide after scrutinizing their
formulae and verifying claims made by the importer or the
manufacturer, as the case may be, as regards their efficacy and
safety to human being and animals. The function of the registration
committee is to specify the precautions to be taken against
poisoning through the use or handling of insecticides. For import
and manufacture of insecticides, registration certificate is essential
and a separate certificate for each insecticide.
Types of registration
A) Provisional registration: Provisional registration for 2 years for
data Generation but not for commercialisation
B) Regular or full registration: is done when committee satisfy on
the data produce.
C) Repeat registration: Registration for already registered product
for a subsequent applicant. Data requirement is less.
Functons Central Insecticide Laboratory:

1. To analyze samples of insecticides and submission of

certificates of analysis to the concerned authority;
2. To analyze samples of materials for insecticide residues
3. To carry out such investigations as may be necessary for the
purpose of ensuring the conditions of registration of
insecticides;
4. To determine the efficacy and toxicity of insecticides
 PHTOTOXITICITY
Meaning:- Ability of a substance to Injure the plant.
The application of pesticides or insecticides on plants is
intended to control the pests without causing adverse or
harmful effects to plants. It is common to see some adverse
insecticides in fields which is called phytotoxicity.

Types:-

1. Temporary phytotoxicity which allows the plant to recover after

showing phytotoxicity.

2. Permanent phytotoxicity leading to the death of the effected

part or whole plant.
 Important Points Of Phytotoxicity:-

• Most insecticides are not phytotoxcity at ordinary/

recommended concentrations but show temporary /
permanent phytotoxcity when applied indiscriminately at
much higher concentrations.

• However, some plants/crops are highly sensitive to certain

insecticides and show phytotoxicity when applied.

• So thorough knowledge of phytotoxicity of chemicals and

dosages at which they are to be applied is essential for
plant
protection people.
 Phytotoxicity can occur when:

 A material is properly applied directly to the plant

during adverse environmental conditions.
 A material is applied improperly.
 A spray, dust, or vapor drifts from the target crop
to a sensitive crop.
 Use of Insecticides in large amount.
 Residues accumulate in the soil or on the
plant.
 Symptoms Of Phytotoxicity

1. Chlorosis 2. Bronzing of leaves

3. Necrosis 4. Scorching
 5. Curling of leaves 6. White spots on leaves

7. Burning effects on leaves 8. Mottled leaves

 APPLICATION TECHNIQUES OF SPRAY FLUIDS
 The pesticide application plays important role in pest management.
 The main purpose of pesticide application technique is to cover the
target species and safety to the non target organisms and the
environment.
 The complete knowledge of pest is essential for correct time of
application.
 Most of the pesticides are applied as sprays.

Spraying is classified on the basis of the droplet size of the

spray as :-
Spray Type Droplet size (μ - microns)
1. Very Coarse spray > 500 μ
2. Coarse spray 400 μ – 500 μ
3. Medium spray 250 μ – 400 μ
4. Fine spray 100 μ – 250 μ
5. Mist 50 μ – 100 μ
6. Fog 05 μ – 50 μ
7. Aerosol 0.1 μ – 5 μ
On the basis of Volume of spray fluid per unit area,
Spraying is classified as:-

1. High volume sprays

2. Low volume sprays

3. Ultra – low volume sprays

4. Aerial spraying
 1. High volume sprays

 Pesticide is diluted with water and droplet size is larger.

 These are used to spray fluid of 450 to 1000 liters.

These are categorized into:-

Manually Operated
Power Operated
 Manually Operated

Knapsack Sprayer

 This type of sprayer has a flat or

bean shaped tank.
 The tank has a capacity of 10 to 20
liters and is made of galvanized
iron, brass stainless steel or
plastic.
 It is used for spraying field crops
vegetables and nurseries.
 The area covered per day is 0.8 to
1ha.
 Rocker Sprayer

 It consists of a pump assembly,

a rocking lever, pressure chamber,
and suction hose with a strainer,
delivery hose, cut-off valve and
spray lance with nozzle.
By rocking movement of the
lever pressure can be built in the
pressure chamber and this helps to
force the liquid through the nozzle.
There is no built in tank.
It can be used for spraying trees
and tall field crops.
It covers about 1.5 to 2 hectares
of area in a day.
 Power Operated
POWER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER

 2 Stroke, easy start engines

for heavy work.
 18 Feet height of spray for
orchards and also used for
field crops
 Upto 125 mtrs hose can be
attached with different type
of nozzles available.
 Tractor Mounted Boom Sprayer

 Boom sprayer connected to the three point linkage of tractor

and getting drive from (P.T.O) are used for multipurpose plant
protection.
 With these sprayers all kind of field crops could be sprayed.
 Full UV & chemical resistant virgin polyethylene tank. Solid
color means no algae growth inside the tank.
 Spring loaded boom sections which avoid deflection of plants.
 2. Low Volume Sprayers

 Since in these sprayers the spray fluid is atomized with the

help of an air stream at high velocity.
 These are called mist blowers or power sprayers.
 The tank in these is made of a thick polyethylene and has a
capacity of 10 liters.
 The fuel tank capacity is 1.0 to 1.5 liters. It is provided with
1.2 to 3.0 hp petrol engine.
 The area covered by these sprayers is about 2 ha in a day.
 Power Operated Mist blower

 Mist blower allow to effortlessly

and precisely spread pesticides
over large and difficult areas.
 Vines, fruit trees and vegetable
patches are all tended to in a short
time.
 3. Ultra-Low Volume Sprayers

 The pesticide in ULV formulation is used undiluted at a

quantity less than 6 liters/ha and usually at 0.5 to 2.0 liters/ha
for field crops.
The droplet size varies from 20-150 micron with ground
spraying equipment for ULV spray an area of 5 ha can be
covered in a day.
 E.g. Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA)
Controlled Droplet Applicators (CDA)

 These applicators use a spinning disk (or cup) that breaks the liquid
into uniformly sized droplets by centrifugal force.
 The droplets may be carried to the target by gravity or by an
airstream created by a fan.
 Power to spin the disk or cup is provided by a small electric or
hydraulic motor.
 Most CDA's do not use a pump.
 CDA's range in size from a small hand-held type to large tractor-
mounted units.
 4. Aerial Spraying
 Aerial air crafts has been employed for application of agricultural and
public health pesticides.
 It is used for spraying, dusting and application of baits. However,
Spray formulations are more suitable than dusts because of wind
speed should not be more than > 5 KMPH.
 It has to be done at low heights and in the early hours of the days to
ensure uniform deposition of dust particles.
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