Introduction to

Communication
Systems (EEEg3152)
Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation and
Demodulation

Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

Email:
[email protected]
 Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation
and
1. Introduction
Demodulati
on
2. Basic Concepts of Amplitude Modulation

3. Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth of AM

wave

4. Power Content of AM wave

5. Modified Forms of Amplitude

Modulation
6. AM Transmitter and Receiver Circuits

7. Demodulation of AM wave
2

8. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

 Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed

Carrier Modulation)
 SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

3
 Multi-tone AM
Modulation
So far, standard AM Modulation with a message
signal of single frequency is analyzed.
This type of modulation is known as single-
tone modulation.
But, in practice, modulation can be done with
message signals having multiple frequencies
and a single carrier.
In which case, it can be called Multi-
tone modulation.
4
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Let’s analyze the case for modulating signal with two

frequency components. (NB:- Sometimes, each

component is treated as independent message signal)
 Let the two components be:-

𝑺 𝒎𝟏
𝒕 = 𝑨 𝒎 𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝒎 𝟏 𝒕
𝑺 𝒎𝟐
𝒕 = 𝑨 𝒎 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝒎 𝟐 𝒕
 Then, the modulating signal will have a form:-

𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑺𝒎 𝟏 𝒕+ 𝑺𝒎 𝟐 𝒕

𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑨 𝒎 𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝒎 𝟏 𝒕 + 𝑨 𝒎 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏

𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝒎 𝟐 𝒕 5
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
 The same carrier signal will be used:-

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

 The equation for AM envelop will be:

𝐴𝐴 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑆 𝑚 1 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑚 2 𝑡

𝐴𝐴 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 1 𝑡 +
𝐴𝑚 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 2 𝑡

 Then, the AM signal equation will be:-

𝑆 𝐴 𝑀 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
6
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
𝑆 𝐴𝑀 ( 𝑡 ) =[𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴 𝑚 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝐴 𝑚 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 2 𝑡 ]
2𝜋𝑓𝑚 1 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
𝑆 𝐴 𝑀 𝑡= 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 �2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 𝑚 2 𝑡 ]
�𝑚 �𝑚
𝑚 1
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
� [1 �1 2𝜋𝑓 +
+ �

Multi-tone modulation has multiple

modulation indexes.
 In this case:-

 �𝟏
= 𝑨 (modulation index due to 𝑆 𝑚 1 ( 𝑡 )
𝑨 𝒎𝒄𝟏
�
 ��
= 𝑨
(modulation index due to 𝑆 𝑚 2 ( 𝑡)
�� 𝑨 𝒎𝒄𝟐
7
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Using the modulation indexes, the AM signal

equation will take a form:

𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐 [1 + 𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 1 𝑡
𝑆 𝐴𝑀
+ 𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 2 𝑡 ]
𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
𝑆𝐴 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑚 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2𝜋𝑓𝑚 1 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑀 2 𝑐 2𝜋𝑓 𝑚2
+
Expanding the terms which contain multiples of

sin functions using trigonometric identity:

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = − 𝐶𝑜𝑠
1

𝐴 −𝐵 𝐴 +𝐵
2
[𝐶𝑜𝑠
] 8
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛
𝑆 𝐴𝑀
𝑐𝑡
𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚1)𝑡 − 1
12𝜋𝑓 +

𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚1)𝑡 +
2 2

𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚 2 )𝑡
1 1
𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚2)𝑡 2
−
2
 So, the frequency spectrum has 5 components:-

The carrier component at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄

Two lower side bands at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇 𝒎 𝟏 & 𝒇𝒄 −

𝒇𝒎 𝟐 9
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Generally, for n frequency components in the

message signal, the AM modulated wave will

have 2n+1 components in it’s spectrum.

Source: 1
https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part16/fig3.gif 0
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Total Modulation Index:
The total modulation index of multi-tone
AM modulation is defined as:-

𝒎𝒕 = 𝒎 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐 + . . .
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
+

Where:
𝒎 𝒕 is the total modulation index.

𝒎 𝟏 , 𝒎 𝟐 , ... are modulation indexes due to

individual frequency components of the 11
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Total Power:-
The total power for the case of two message

frequency components can be defined as:

𝑃 𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏2

+ 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏2 𝐴 2𝑚2 𝐴2 2𝑚2 𝐴2

𝑃 𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) 2 𝑅+ 8𝑅 + 8𝑅
𝑐 1 𝑐 2 𝑐

𝐴𝑐 𝑚 2 𝑚 2
=
𝑃 𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) 2𝑅
1 1
+
2 2 2
+ 2
=
12
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 𝑨𝑴( 𝒕𝒐𝒕 ) = 𝟐 𝟐

𝑷 equation
+
This 𝒄 can be generalized for
multiple modulating signals as:-

𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑚3 2
𝑃 𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡)
1 1
+ 2
2 2 2
+..
= 𝑃𝑐
+

𝟏
.
𝟐
𝒎�
+
𝑷 𝑨𝑴( 𝒕𝒐𝒕 ) = ��

𝑷𝒄
+ �

13
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Example:-

A certain AM transmitter radiates 11.8kW power

when a carrier signal with 10kW power is
sinusoidally modulated.
i. Calculate the modulation index.
ii. If another signal with 30% modulation is
transmitted simultaneously, determine the
total radiated power?

14
 Multi-tone AM Modulation .
..
Solution:-
Given:- 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑐 =
11.8𝑘𝑊 & 10𝑘𝑊
𝑚 = 2 𝑃𝐴 − 1) = 𝟎. 𝟔
11.8
𝑃
i. −1 = 2(
𝑀 10

𝑚 2 = 30% = 0.3 ; 𝑚 1 = 0.6

𝑐

ii.

𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
=
0.6 2 + 0.3 2
1 2

=𝑃 𝑚𝑡2 = 10𝑘𝑊
0.67 2
= 𝟏𝟐.
𝐴𝑀
𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑾
� (𝑡𝑜𝑡 � 1
2 2
�
) + � 1
+ 15
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

 Drawbacks of Conventional AM
Modulation
DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed

Carrier Modulation)
 SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

16
 Drawbacks of Conventional AM
Modulation
 The AM modulation discussed so far is known as
a
conventional or standard AM modulation.
Conventional AM signal contains lower and

upper sidebands and a carrier component

in its spectrum.
 As a result, it is also called full AM, or
sometimes,
DSB-FC (Double Side-Band Full Carrier)
modulation.
17
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
One way of comparing communication systems is

based on how they use the two primary resources

of communication, which are:-
Channel bandwidth, and

Transmitted power

In this regard, conventional AM modulation suffers

two main drawbacks.

18
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
i. Inefficient use of transmission power:-
Conventional AM signal spectrum includes a carrier
component which consumes high power for
transmission but do not contain any message
element.
So, it is wasted power!

ii. Spectral inefficiency:-

The two side bands in conventional AM signal
spectrum carry similar information.
So, the bandwidth could have been reduced by half
if this redundancy is removed.
19
 Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
To overcome the above drawbacks, some variants

of AM modulation have been developed.

 These include:-

DSB-SC (Double Side-Band Suppressed

Carrier) modulation
SSB (Single Side-Band) modulation

VSB (Vestigial Side-Band) modulation

20
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

 Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed

Carrier Modulation)
 SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

21
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier
Modulation)
In DSB-SC, as the name implies, the carrier is

removed (suppressed) from AM signal spectrum.

 Only two sidebands are available for transmission.

This is achieved by using product modulator,

also known as balanced modulator.

Balanced modulator simply multiplies the

message signal with carrier signal.

22
 DSB-SC - Implementation

1. Balanced modulator

AM Ac (1+ 0.5 m(t) cos ct

0.5 m(t)
mod.
+
Carrier DSB-SC
Ac cos ct +
Ac m(t) cos ct
-
AM
-0.5 m(t)
mod. Ac (1- 0.5 m(t) cos ct

2. Ring modulator

3. Square-law modulator
23
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
 Let, the modulating (message) signal be:

𝑆𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠
2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡

 And, the carrier signal be:

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝐶𝑜𝑠
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝑡 𝑆𝑐
Then, using product modulator, the DSB-SC signal
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
𝑡 as:-
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵
𝑆 𝑚−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡
can be developed

𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
=
24
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
…

Source: 2
https://cnx.org/resources/9ab15008f1dcb0090fd6363078ddb423e2761562/graphics4.j 4
pg
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
DSB-SC signal equation can be expanded

using the following trigonometric identity:-

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = + 𝐶𝑜𝑠
1

𝐴 +𝐵 𝐴 −𝐵
2

 Let 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 & 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓]𝑚𝑡

[𝐶𝑜𝑠

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡

𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜋 1 𝑓𝑐 +
𝑓𝑚 𝑡 +
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓 𝑚
2
2 26
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
 Replacing 𝐴 𝑚 =
…
𝑚𝐴𝑐 .
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵 − = 𝑚 𝐴 𝑓 𝑡 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐− 𝑓
1 1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑆𝐶 2𝜋𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓 𝑡
2 2
+ +
2 2
As it is evident in the equation, the DSB-SC

signal spectrum has only two components:-

The lower side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐− 𝑓 𝑚

The upper side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐+ 𝑓 𝑚

27
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
…

Source: 28
https://slideplayer.com/slide/15031602/91/images/6/Single+Tone+DSB-SC+Modulation+and+its+Spectrum.jp
g
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
Bandwidth:-

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 − 𝑓𝑐 + − 𝑓𝑐 −
𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚

𝑩 𝑾 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒎

Power and
efficiency:

𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏

+ 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
�𝑫𝑺𝑩 − 𝑺= 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏+𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 =
�𝑪 𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −

𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝑆𝐶 29
 DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
…
 Note that, for DSB-SC modulation:-

The DSB-SC signal shifts its phase at zero-

crossings of the message signal.

Overmodulation will not have the same effect

as in the case of conventional AM.

The bandwidth is still the same as the

conventional AM.
The power efficiency jumps up to 100%!

30
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

 Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed

Carrier Modulation)
 SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

31
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation)
DSB-SC technique removes the carrier component
from the signal spectrum, which results in huge
improvement in transmission efficiency.
A simple observation in to the sidebands can
reveal that they are actually mirror images of
each other and carry similar information.
Therefore, transmitting one of the sidebands
would be enough, and this can highly improve
the spectral efficiency.
32
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
SSB modulation, as its name imply, is a

technique to transmit only one of the

sidebands.
This means, the signal spectrum of SSB wave will

have only one component:

Either lower sideband or upper sideband.

In order to achieve this, one of the sidebands has

to be suppressed in addition to the carrier

component.
33
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
There are several methods to carry out

SSB modulation, which include:

Filter method

Phase shift method

Weaver’s method

 Each of them will be briefed below.

34
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:-
 This method involves:-

Suppressing the carrier. (doing DSB-SC

modulation)
Filtering out one of the sidebands, using

appropriate band pass filter.

Commonly, the usb is retained and lsb is

discarded, but the choice may vary from

service to service.
35
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .

DSB-SC
signal

3
Source: Louis Frenzel, p- 5
142
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .
 The output of the Balanced Modulator is a
DSB-SC
signal with an equation:
𝑆𝐷 𝑆𝐵 −𝑆= 𝑚 𝐴 𝑓 𝑡 𝑚 𝐴
1 1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝐶 2𝜋𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓 − 𝑓
2 2
+ + �
𝑐
2 2
�
 If the usb is chosen, the SSB signal will
be:
𝟏
𝑺 𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝟐 𝒎�𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄
� 𝒄
+ 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
37
 SSB-SC –
Implementation/Generation
1. Frequency discrimination/ Selective Filtering Method
>>> Realization based on spectrum analysis

Band pass
Upper sideband
filter
cc+ mm
Message DSB-SC MEc
c(t )  cos (c  m )t
Multiplier
Multiplier 2
m(t)
Band pass
Lower sideband
filter
Local oscillator
cc- mm
c(t) = cos cct MEc
c(t )  cos (c  m )t
2

c(t ) Em cos mt cos c t

MEc MEc
 cos (c  m )t  cos (c  m )t
2 2
1. Frequency discrimination M()

(Selective Filtering)… 
 C  2 B +2B C

GDSBSC()

USB LSB LSB USB


 C 2B C  C+2B C 2B C C+2B

HUSB()
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c+B

 C 2B C  C+2B C 2B C C+2B

GUSB()

USB USB


 C 2B C C C+2B

HLSB()
BW = 2B (B Hz)
Center Freq = c– B


 C 2B C  C+2B C 2B C C+2B

GLSB()

LSB LSB


C  C+2B C 2B C
Upper sideband
LLLll

Lower sideband
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:-
This method involves two DSB-SC
modulations working in two branches
parallelly:
In one branch, the message signal is product
modulated (DSB-SC) using a sin or cosine
carrier wave.
In the other branch, both the message and
carrier signals will be shifted by 90° and
product modulation is done. 42
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .
The outputs of both branch, which are both

DSB-SC signals, will be summed up.

The resulting signal will be SSB signal, a nd it’s

spectrum will contain only one component.

The following diagram illustrates the phase

shift method.

43
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift
method:- . . .

3
Source: Louis Frenzel, p- 9
144
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift
method:- . . .

𝑡 𝑆𝑐
At modulator – 1:
𝑆 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −𝑆𝐶1
𝑡
𝑆 𝑆 𝑚− 𝑆𝐶1
=𝐷𝑆𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑚 𝐴 𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑓𝑚𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛
2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡

 So, using the following identity and considering

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 1 and 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 :

− 𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝐴 −𝐵 𝐴 +𝐵
Sin𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 =
2
[𝐶𝑜𝑠
] 45
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift
method:- . . .

At modulator – 2:

𝑆 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −𝑆𝐶2
𝑡 𝑆𝑐

= 𝑆𝑚 𝑡

46
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .
 Then, at the output of
summer:

 Only the lower side component is left!

47
 SSB-SC –
2.Implementation/Generation…
Phase discrimination/ Phase-Shift Method (Hartley modulator)
>> Realization based on time-domain expression of the modulated signal
cont’d.
g(t) =𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm cos mmt cos cct + 𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm sin mmt sin cct

= 𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm cos (mm - cc)t

Am cos mt

𝐴 𝑐 Am cos mt cos ct

Message LSB selected
XX
m(t)

Carrier 𝐴 𝑐 cos ct +

SSB-SC

90oo 90oo signal
phase shift -
phase shift
𝐴 𝑐 sin ct
𝐴 𝑐 Am sin mt sin ct
X
Am sin mt
g(t) =𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm cos mmt cos cct - 𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm sin mmt sin cct
= 𝐴 𝑐𝑐Amm cos (mm + cc)t USB selected
2.Phase Shifting… cont’d
gUSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t )  mh (t ) sin(C t )
g LSB (t ) m(t ) cos(C t )  mh (t ) sin(C t )
Phase-
shifting
Method:
Frequency-
Domain
Illustration
 SSB-SC - Hartley Modulator

Advantages:
No need for bulky and expensive band pass filters
Easy to switch from a LSB to an USB SSB output

• Disadvantage:
– Requires Hilbert transform of the message signal. Hilbert transform changes the
phase of each +ve frequency component by exactly - 90 o.
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Weaver’s method:-
 This method involves the following steps:-

The side band of interest is frequency translated

to be centered at zero frequency, using

quadrature mixers.
 The resulting signal is applied to a low pass filter.
(other
frequency components will get filtered out)
 Then, the SSB signal, which was centered at zero
in step-
1, will be upconverted to appropriate center 52
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Bandwidth:-
The bandwidth of SSB signal is just a bandwidth

of a single side band:

𝑩 𝑾 = 𝒇𝒎

Power:
 The total power is also the power of a single
side band.
But, the formula for SSB signal power

depends on which method is used to 53

 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Case – I: Filter Method:
In this case, the SSB signal is just one of the

sidebands of a DSB-SC signal. As a result:

𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 =

𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏

54
 SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation) . . .
Case – II: Phase Shift Method:
 Recall the SSB signal equation of this
method:

 So, the signal power shall be calculated

as:

 Note the difference in the signal

power!
55
SSB-SC - Summary

Advantages:
 Lower power consumption
 Better management of the frequency spectrum
 Less prone to selective fading
 Lower noise
• Disadvantage:
- Complex detection

• Applications:
- Two way radio communications
- Frequency division multiplexing
- Up conversion in numerous telecommunication
systems
 3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation

Outline:-
 Multi-tone AM Modulation

 Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed

Carrier Modulation)
 SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

57
 VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation)
Due to imperfections if filters, SSB modulation

loses some data at edge frequencies near

f c.

This may not affect radio broadcasting, but TV

signals have broader bandwidth and may contain

rich information of color and intensity at around
f c.

As a result, if SSB modulation is to be used

for TV broadcasting (AM TV), the information 58

 VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation) . . .
This leads to another variant of AM, called

Vestigial Side Band Modulation (VSB).

 In VSB modulation:

The carrier is totally suppressed.

One of the side band is partially suppressed.

So, the VSB signal contains one sideband

and part of the other sideband.

59
VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation) . . .

fc - fc+f

𝒇𝒗 < 𝒇𝒎
fv m

𝑩𝑾 = = 𝒇𝒎
+ 𝒇𝒗 5
0
Vestigial Side Band Modulation
(VSB)
Why VSB?
1. Simplifies the filter design
2. Improves the low-frequency response and allows
DC to
pass undistorted
3. Has bandwidth efficiency advantages over DSB or
AM,
similar to that of SSB
A primary application of VSB is the video portion
of
 Comparison of AM
Variants.

But, note that SSB needs less power for

transmission than DSB and VSB.

62
 Examples
:-
1. In an AM system, the transmitter emits an
output power of 5KW when modulated to a
depth of 95%.
a) Determine the average output power if the
carrier is suppressed.
b) Determine the average output power if the carrier
is suppressed and the modulation depth is
reduced to 50%.
c) Calculate the percentage power savings in both
cases.
63
 Examples:-
…
Solution:-

a) Average output power of DSB-SC:-

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 5 𝐾 𝑊
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 95% = 0.95
For the case DSB-FC:-

= 𝑃�
The carrier power can be 2calculated from
2 this as:

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 5 𝐾 𝑊
𝑚 1 +
=𝑃 �
1 +
= 𝑃𝑐
2 � 0.95 2
(1.45)
�

⇒ 𝑃 5𝐾𝑊
= 𝟑.
𝟒𝟓�
𝑲𝑾
� = 1.45

64
 Examples:-
…
Recall:

= 𝑃�+ 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢 𝑠 = 𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃 𝑚2
-
𝑃𝑡𝑜
𝑚
2
𝑐 𝑐 2
1+
𝑡 𝑏
� 2
� �

⇒ 𝑃𝑙𝑠 + 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑆 𝐵 −𝑆𝐶
𝑚2
𝑢𝑠
= 𝑃𝑏 𝑏
�2
�

3.45𝐾𝑊 ∗ = 𝟏.
𝑚2
𝐷 𝑆𝐵 −𝑆=
𝑃 𝑃 𝟓𝟓𝟕𝑲𝑾
0.95 2
⇒ =
𝐶
�2 2
�

65
 Examples:-
…
b) Average output power of DSB-SC with
m=0.5:-
= 𝑃𝐷 𝑆 𝐵 −𝑆
𝑚2
𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
𝐶
2

=𝑃
But in 𝑐 case m =
this
0.5
3.45𝐾𝑊 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟑 𝑲 𝑾
𝑚2
⇒ 𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −𝑆𝐶
0.5 2
=
2 2

= 𝑃𝑐
∗

66
 Examples:-
…
c) Percentage Power
savings:-
𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡 −𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵 −
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
∗
𝑆𝐶 𝑃𝑡𝑜
100%
𝑡
Case= I

∗ 100% = 𝟔𝟖.
(m=0.95):-
5𝐾𝑊−1.557
𝐾 𝑊 5𝐾 𝑊
𝟖𝟔 %
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

Case= II
(m=0.5):-
5𝐾 𝑊 −0.43𝐾
𝑊 5𝐾 𝑊
𝟗𝟏. 𝟒 %
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
∗ 100% =

=
67
 Examples:-
…
2. An old radio broadcaster transmits it’s signals a t a
power level of 10KW using standard AM
Modulation with a modulation depth of 75%.
However, It decided to reduce the transmission
power by 90%, using other power efficient AM
modulation techniques. Calculate the required
modulation index if:-
a) DSB-SC technique is used.
b) SSB modulation is used. (use filter method)
68
 Examples:-
…
Solution:-

For the standard modulation:-

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1 0 𝐾 𝑊 & 𝑚 = 75% = 0.75

The carrier power shall be calculated 1st as

follows:
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1 0 𝐾 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑚 = 𝑃𝑐 1 = 𝑃𝑐 (1.28)
2 0.75 2

2 2
1 +
10𝐾
⇒ 𝑃𝑐 𝑊 = 𝟕.
+

𝟖𝑲𝑾
1.28
=
69
 Examples:-
…
a) Modulation index when DSB-SC is
used:-

90% Power reduction,

⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐶 = 1 0 𝐾 𝑊 − 0.9 ∗ 10 𝐾 𝑊
= 1𝐾𝑊
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 1 𝑚 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2
2

+ 𝑃𝑐
2 2
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐
+

𝑚2
𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏2

= 𝑃𝑐
2 ∗ 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚 = 2 ∗ = 𝟎.
𝑃 7.8𝐾 𝑊𝟓𝟏
=
𝑃 𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
𝑐

70
 Examples:-
…
b) Modulation index when SSB is
used:-

90% Power reduction,

⇒ 𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 1 0 𝐾 𝑊 − 0.9 ∗ 10 𝐾 𝑊 =
1𝐾𝑊
1 𝑚 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
2

+ 𝑃𝑐
2 2
+
= 𝑃𝑐
𝑚2
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 4

= 𝑃𝑐
4 ∗ 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚 = = 𝟎.
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑃 𝑊
4 ∗
𝟕𝟏𝟔
=
7.8𝐾
𝑐

71
Time-Domain Representation of
SSB
M(w) = M+(w) + M-(w)

Let m+(t)↔M+(w) and m-(t)↔M-(w)

Then: m(t) = m+(t) + m-(t) [linearity]

Because M+(w), M-(w) are not even

 m+(t), m-(t) are complex.

Since their sum is real they must be conjugates.
m+(t) = ½ [m(t) + j mh(t)]

m-(t) = ½ [m(t) - j mh(t)]

What is mh(t) ?
Time-Domain Representation of SSB…
cont’d
 Time-Domain Representation of
SSB… cont’d
M(w) = M+(w) + M-(w)
M+(w) = M(w)u(w); M-(w) = M(w)u(-w)
sgn(w)=2u(w) -1  u(w)= ½ + ½ sgn(w);
u(-w) = ½ -½sgn(w)
M+(w) = ½[ M(w) + M(w)sgn(w)]
M-(w) = ½ [M(w) - M(w)sgn(w)]
Comparing to:
m+(t) = ½ [m(t) + j mh(t)] ↔ ½ [M(w) + j Mh(w)]
m-(t) = ½ [m(t) - j mh(t)] ↔ ½ [M(w) - j Mh(w)]
We find
Mh(w) = - j M(w)∙sgn(w)
where mh(t)↔Mh(w)
 Hilbert Transform

mh(t) is known as the Hilbert

Transform (HT) of m(t).
The transfer function of this
transform is given by:
H() = -j sgn(w)
It is basically a -p/2 phase |H()| = 1

shifter 1

H() = – jsgn()



 sgn
–j /2

–/2
 Hilbert Transform of cos(wct)

cos(wct) ↔ p [d( – c) + d( + c)]

HT[cos(wct)] ↔ -j sgn(w) p [d( – c) + d( +
c)]
= j sgn(w) p [- d( – c) - d( +
c)]
= j p [- d( – c) + d( + c)]
= j p [d( + c) - d( - c)] ↔
sin(wct)
Which is expected since:

cos(wct-p/2) = sin(wct)
 Time-Domain Operation for
Hilbert Transformation
For Hilbert Transformation H() = -j sgn(w).
What is h(t)?
sgn(t) ↔ 2/(jw) [From FT table]
2/(jt) ↔ 2 p sgn(-w) [symmetry]
1/(p t) ↔ -j sgn(w)
Since Mh(w) = - j M(w)∙sgn(w) = H(w) ∙ M(w)
Then
1
mh (t )  * m(t )
t

1 m( )
  d
  t  
 Finally …
gUSB (t ) m (t )e jC t  m (t )e  j C t
g LSB (t ) m (t )e  j C t  m (t )e j C t
1 1
gUSB (t )  m(t )e jC t  jmh (t )e jC t
2 2
1  j C t 1
 m(t )e  jmh (t )e  jC t
2 2
m(t ) cos(C t )  mh (t ) sin(C t )
1 j C t 1
g LSB (t )  m(t )e  jmh (t )e jC t
2 2 GUSB ( ) M  (  C )  M  (  C )
1  j C t 1 GLSB ( ) M  (  C )  M  (  C )
 m(t )e  jmh (t )e  jC t
2 2
m(t ) cos(C t )  mh (t ) sin(C t )