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Biochemistry of AIDS Presentation1

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23 views10 pages

Biochemistry of AIDS Presentation1

Uploaded by

idriscognitoleads
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Title: Tissue Biochemistry

Code: BCH 402

The objectives of this course are to get the students acquainted


with the functioning of the various systems in animals, and to
enable them to have a better understanding of the functioning of
some basic processes in animals.
1Biochemistry and metabolic function of kidney
2 Biochemistry and metabolic function of liver
3 Monoclonal Antibodies
4 General metabolism of the brain and neuronal biochemistry
5 Cancer and chemotherapy
6 Biochemistry of vision
7 Biochemistry of AIDS
8 Biochemistry and metabolic function of adipose tissue
BIOCHEMISTRY OF AIDS

Introduction
• Immune system is the complex group of defense responses found in humans and
other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens).

• Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems,


called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired immunity .

• Cells that make up the immune system include lymphocytes, macrophages,


neutrophils, and dendritic cells. These cells target pathogens — disease-causing
agents — and other foreign substances.

• T cells are lymphocytes, and there are three distinct classes of them: cytotoxic
CD8+ T cells, helper CD4+ T cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells
CD4+ T cells
• Clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) are glycoproteins present on the immune cells' surface such
as monocytes, T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells.

• CD4 T cells are pivotal, playing a central role in immune protection. White blood cells are an
indispensable part of the body's immune system

• They have no direct involvement in neutralizing foreign substances

• CD4+ T cells have various functions that help produce a vigorous immune response.

• They primarily activate other immune cells.

• Some CD4+ T-cells can become activated and form memory T cells. These are important for the
body to maintain long-term immunity against infection.

• Measuring a person’s CD4+ T cell may help diagnose HIV.

• This virus directly invades CD4+ T cells and replicates within them.

• As the virus replicates, it slowly destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system’s ability
AIDS

• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a complex condition caused by


the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body
fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.

• It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most
commonly during unprotected sex, or through sharing injection drug equipment.

• If it remain untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired


immunodeficiency syndrome).

• Human immunodeficiency viruses can be classified into two: HIV-1 and HIV-2.
These are members of the family of Retroviruses, in the genus of Lentiviruses.
HIV STRUCTURE

• The human immunodeficiency viruses are approximately 100 nm in diameter.

• It has a lipid envelope, in which are embedded the trimeric transmembrane


glycoprotein gp41 to which the surface glycoprotein gp120 is attached .

• These two viral proteins are responsible for attachment to the host cell and are encoded
by the env gene of the viral RNA genome. Beneath the envelope, is the matrix protein
p17, the core proteins p24 and p6 and the nucleocapsid protein p7 (bound to the RNA),
all encoded by the viral gag gene.

• Within the viral core, lies 2 copies of the ~10 kilobase (kb) positive-sense, viral RNA
genome (i.e. it has a diploid RNA genome), together with the protease, integrase and
reverse transcriptase enzymes.

• These three enzymes are encoded by the viral pol gene.

• There are several other proteins coded for by both HIV-1 and HIV-2, with various
regulatory or immuno-modulatory functions, including vif (viral infectivity
protein), vpr (viral protein R), tat (transactivator of transcription), rev (regulator of
HIV STRUCTURE CONT’D
ENTRY OF HIV INTO HOST CELLS
• HIV proteins bind to specific receptors of host cells, most importantly HIV coat proteins
gp41 and gp120.

• After attaching to the host, many of the receptors on both the cell and invading virus bind
together for fusion of the virus with its host.

• HIV enters macrophages and CD4-positive T cells by the adsorption of glycoproteins on its
surface to receptors on the target cell, followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell
membrane and the release of the HIV capsid into the cell.

Key Terms
• Glycoprotein: A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates.
• Macrophages: A type of white blood cell that targets foreign material,
including bacteria and viruses.
• capsid: The outer protein shell of a virus.
• Chemokine: Any of various cytokines, produced during inflammation, that
organize the leukocytes.
• T cells: A lymphocyte, from the thymus,that can recognise specific antigens
HIV REPLICATION CYCLE:

Fusion of the HIV cell to the host


cell surface.Cell Entry, HIV RNA,
reverse transcriptase, integrase, and
other viral proteins enter the host
cell.Viral DNA is formed by
reverse transcription.Viral DNA is
transported across the nucleus and
integrates into the host DNA.New
viral RNA is used as genomic RNA
to make viral proteins.New viral
RNA and proteins move to cell
surface and a new, immature, HIV
virus forms.Virus maturation and
protease release of individual HIV
proteins.
CD4+ T cells and HIV

• HIV targets CD4+ T cells. When the virus binds to a CD4+ T cell , it takes
control of the machinery within the cell and uses it to replicate.
• This process causes the death of the CD4+ T cells and other immune cells,
leading to an impaired immune system and weakened defense against
infection.
• Measuring CD4+ T cells circulating in the blood provides valuable
information about how well the immune system functions, especially in
people with HIV.
• Because HIV destroys CD4+ T cells, healthcare professionals can use CD4
cell levels to monitor HIV progression and AIDS.
• A typical CD4 cell count is between 500 and 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter

• When a person’s CD4 count falls below 200 cells per mm3 , they receive an
AIDS diagnosis.
• However, if someone does not have HIV, a lower CD4+ T cell count may
occur due to infection or certain medications.
PATHOGENESIS OF AIDS:

• Over time, the progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells leads to immunodeficiency,


characterized by an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain
cancers.

• Without treatment, HIV infection typically progresses to AIDS, defined by the


presence of specific opportunistic infections or a CD4+ T cell count below a certain
threshold.

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