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Leveling 5

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مايا سمارة
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13 views

Leveling 5

Uploaded by

مايا سمارة
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laser Leveling

1
Laser Leveling
• Fast method but expensive.
• Safe, the laser level (beam) only works when the instrument is leveled.
• Only one surveyor can do the job.
•Several tasks (with different surveyors) can be done at the same time using
only one instrument.

2
Spot Leveling

• Spot leveling is usually used to


show elevations within manmade
areas, and to show highest and
lowest points in contour maps.
12.34
• It is the process of determining 14.75 14.92
elevation of scattered points at
specific points of specific nature 13.54
(e.g. determining elevation of
points on a road sidewalk, garden,
stairs, manholes, etc.)
• Spot heights are determined by 15.12
simple differential leveling,
starting from a point of known 14.14
elevation to determine points of
unknown elevations.

3
Exercise
• The following readings were taken in the university campus.
Determine the elevations of the given points, knowing that the
B.M. elevation is 231.34m.

Point Reading
B.M 1.88
Sidewalk1 1.90
Sidewlak2 2.15
Parking 2.00
Stairs 0.35
Manhole1 1.75
Manhole2 1.83
Fence 2.64
Gate 2.47
4
Exercise
Which leveling work type (profiling, grid leveling, spot leveling) is
suitable for the following work(s):

1. Establishing a road.
2. Grading a farm.
3. Establishing a tunnel.
4. Natural ground before building a school.
5. Gardening.
6. Determine the elevation of an outside stairs.
7. Determining elevations for a water channel.
8. Grading an area for establishing a surface park.
9. Determining elevations of footings.
10. Natural ground before building a factory.

5
Leveling Applications
1. Determination of slopes

The slope of a line between two points =


height difference between the two points/ their horizontal distance = h / L
To determine the slope of the line A-B:
•Measure the height difference hAB = RAB = (RA - RB)
•Measure the slant distance between the two points (S)
•Compute the horizontal distance (L)  L = { (S2) - ( hAB2) }

•SlopeAB = hAB / L

6
Exercise

Determine the slope between the points 1 & 2, given that the vl. rod
readings at the two points were 2.11m and 3.45m, respectively. The
measured slant distance between the two points was 47.89m.

7
Leveling Applications
2. Determination of elevation of ceiling and overhead beam points
The vl. rod is inverted at B (the zero reading is located at B and scale go
from top to bottom).

Determine elevation of B as : hB = hA + (RA + RB)

After determining the elevation of B, determine the elevation of point C?


8
Leveling Applications

Ground surface
A

Approx. 3.6m B
Tunnel

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