Scribd
Upload
17 views

Lectue 3

Uploaded by

Zarifa Ruzimurodova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Lectue 3

Uploaded by

Zarifa Ruzimurodova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Lecture 3

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES. CATEGORIZATION. DEFINITION OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY.


Plan:
• - what is categorization
• - what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical
category"?
• - what is "opposition"?
• - the types of grammatical categories.
Revision of previous topic
zero morpheme , free morpheme,
• A _________is a stand-alone word

• A ______is when a word changes its meaning but does not change its
form
Revision of previous topic
Fearless Fused morphemes
Thinner,Comfortably
Absurdism,Aimless
Antedate, Prehistoric prefixes.
Unkind,Disappear
bed, light, Zero morpheme
world, people,
baby-sit, air-craft,
two sheep, dog, Free morpheme
actual-ly - ( aktuali ) suffixes
mental-ly
There are many conceptions on the
problem today:
"a grammatical category is a real As for the grammatical category itself,
linguistic unity of grammatical it presents, the same as the
grammatical "form", a unity of form
meaning and the means of its (i.e. material factor), and meanings
material expression". It means (i.e. ideal factor) and constitutes a
that in order to call a linguistic certain signe
phenomenon a grammatical mic system.
category there must be a
grammatical meaning and
grammatical means.

M.Y. Blokh
According to B. Golovin
• More specifically the grammatical category is a
system of expressing a generalized grammatical
meaning by means of paradigmatic
correlation(Paradigmatic relation is concerned with
the way words are grouped together into
categories, like nouns, verbs, adjectives etc. Words
in the same group, or word class,) of grammatical
forms.
Grammatical category is a linguistic
category which has the effect of
modifying the forms of some class
of words in a language.
Grammatical
Categories
Grammatical Categories

Category Category of Category of


of tense aspect mood

Category
of voice
The grammatical categories are better to explain
by comparing them with logical categories.
• The logical categories are universal for all the languages.
• Any meanings can be expressed in any language.
For instance there's a logical category of possession. The meaning of
possession can be expressed in all the languages, compare:
My book (English)
Моя книга (Russian)
Менинг китобим (Uzbek).
In order to call a linguistic phenomenon a
grammatical category there must be the
following features:

• - this meaning must consist of at least two particular meanings;


• - the particular meanings must be opposed to each - other:
• - the particular meanings must have constant grammatical means to
express them.
The grammatical category of
tense
• Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, that
indicates when the situation takes place. In languages which have
tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal verb, often combined
with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice.
• Typical tenses are present, past, and future.
The grammatical category
of aspect
• Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event or state,
denoted by a verb, relates to the flow of time.
• A basic aspectual distinction is that between perfective and imperfective
aspects (not to be confused with perfect and imperfect verb forms; the
meanings of the latter terms are somewhat different).
• Perfective aspect is used in referring to an event conceived as bounded and
unitary, without reference to any flow of time during it ("I helped him").
• Imperfective aspect is used for situations conceived as existing continuously or
repetitively as time flows ("I was helping him"; "I used to help people"). Further
distinctions can be made, for example, to distinguish states and ongoing actions
(continuous and progressive aspects) from repetitive actions (habitual aspect).
The grammatical category
of mood
• In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used
to signal modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow
speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying. Less
commonly, the term is used more broadly to allow for the syntactic
expression of modality — that is, the use of non-inflectional phrases.
• Mood is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although
the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these
meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and
most other modern Indo-European languages
• Some examples of moods are indicative, interrogatory, imperative,
emphatic, subjunctive, injunctive, potential.
English nouns have a grammatical category of
number. This category has all the requirements
that are necessary for a grammatical category:
• 1. it has general grammatical meaning of number;
• 2. it consists of two particular meanings; singular and plural;
• 3. singular is opposed to plural, they are antonymous;
• 4. singular and plural have their own constant grammatical means:
In English adjectives there's
one grammatical category -
the degrees of comparison.
What features does it have?
• 1. It has a general grammatical meaning: degrees of comparison;
• 2. The degrees of comparison consist of three particular meanings:
positive, comparative and superlative;
• 3. They are opposed to each - other;
• 4. They have their own grammatical means depending on the
number of syllables in the word.
The grammatical
category of voice
• In grammar, the voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the
relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and
the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
When the subject is the agent or does of the action, the verb is in
the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoes
of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
Questions to the Lecture #3
• What do you know about the grammatical category and it’s types?
• Write examples to each type of grammatical categories.
• What is word classes?
• What problems of speech patterns do you know?
• Write about one linguist who tried to solve the problem with speech
patterns.

You might also like