Scribd
Upload
24 views

Digital To Analog Data

Uploaded by

z8d7qjy42d
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Digital To Analog Data

Uploaded by

z8d7qjy42d
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

CSEN1071

Digital Data
To Analog
Signals
Presented by:
Shaik Sana Tabasum
2023002361
Introduction 1

Analog Signals
Continuous signals that vary
over time, representing
Analog Signals Nature:
physical quantities. They can • Applications: Commonly used
take any value within a given for audio, video, and other
range. physical quantities (e.g., sound
e.g. sound waves waves).
Digital Signals
Digital Signals Nature:
Discrete signals that
• Applications: Widely used in
represent information in
binary format (0s and 1s). computers, digital
These signals are not communication systems, and
continuous and are defined at data storage.
specific intervals.
How Digital to Analog Conversion 2
• Digital Input:
Works
DAC receives a digital input in binary format; each binary value corresponds to a
specific analog voltage or current level.
• Sampling:
The conversion process begins with sampling, capturing the analog signal's
amplitude at regular intervals; a higher sampling rate improves accuracy and reduces
aliasing.
• Quantization:
After sampling, quantization assigns discrete values to amplitudes, mapping these to
binary values to represent the analog signal accurately.
• Reconstruction:
DAC converts digital values into analog output through techniques like resistive
networks (binary-weighted, R-2R ladder), PWM, and sigma-delta modulation.
• Output Signal:
The final output is a continuous analog signal, which may be filtered or amplified to
Types of DAC Architectures 3

DAC
Key Features Advantages Disadvantages
Architecture

Binary Uses resistors with


Simple design, high Precision issues at
Weighted weights based on
speed high resolutions
Resistor binary values

Uses only two values (R and 2R)


Limited resolution
R-2R Ladder resistor values (R Easier scaling,
due to matching
and 2R) better accuracy

High resolution,
Oversamples and Complex design,
Sigma-Delta excellent noise
uses noise shaping slower speed
performance
Applications of DACs in Audio Devices 4
• Music Players:
DACs in MP3 and CD players convert digital audio files into analog signals,
sampling at rates like 44.1 kHz, quantizing values, and reconstructing smooth
waveforms to drive speakers, with high DAC quality enhancing sound fidelity.
• Sound Cards:
DACs in computer sound cards convert digital audio to analog signals for playback
through speakers or headphones, often using multiple DACs for stereo and
surround sound.
• High-Fidelity Audio Systems:
High-end systems use specialized DACs to deliver minimal distortion and high
precision, converting digital music sources into high-quality analog signals for
audiophiles.
• Digital Speakers:
Digital speakers with built-in DACs convert digital signals from sources like USB
directly to analog sound, enabling easy playback without external sound cards.
• Voice Over IP (VoIP):
Video Signal Conversion 5

Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) convert


digital video signals into analog formats for
displays, particularly in older devices like CRT
monitors. They transform binary pixel data into
continuous analog voltages for RGB channels,
ensuring accurate color and brightness at
refresh rates of 60 Hz or higher. DACs support
various resolutions, such as 1080p and 4K,
and remain essential for analog outputs,
enabling compatibility with legacy devices
while preserving image quality.
Telecommunications Applications 6
The role of DACs in voice over IP and other communication systems

• Music Players: DACs in MP3 and CD players convert digital audio files into
analog signals, sampling at rates like 44.1 kHz, quantizing values, and
reconstructing smooth waveforms to drive speakers, with high DAC quality
enhancing sound fidelity.
• Sound Cards: DACs in computer sound cards convert digital audio to analog
signals for playback through speakers or headphones, often using multiple
DACs for stereo and surround sound.
• High-Fidelity Audio Systems: High-end systems use specialized DACs to deliver
minimal distortion and high precision, converting digital music sources into
high-quality analog signals for audiophiles.
• Digital Speakers: Digital speakers with built-in DACs convert digital signals
from sources like USB directly to analog sound, enabling easy playback
without external sound cards.
Applications of DACs in Optical 7
• Laser Drivers: Communications
DACs adjust modulation and bias currents, stabilizing laser
output and temperature, ensuring consistent performance.
• Power Regulation:
DACs help regulate voltages within optical modules,
optimizing power use and enabling quick adjustments
through I2C.
• ROSA Signal Processing:
In ROSA, DACs stabilize amplified signals, improving signal
integrity for accurate data conversion.
• Digital Diagnostics:
DACs assist DDM systems in monitoring temperature,
voltage, and power, aiding real-time diagnostics.
• Higher Data Rates:
DACs enable fine modulation in high-speed systems,
Challenges and Limitations 7

In DACs, signal degradation, noise, and accuracy


issues affect output fidelity. Quantization error,
aliasing, and glitch impulses cause noise and
distortions, especially at lower resolutions or
sampling rates. Thermal noise and clock jitter
introduce inaccuracies, while spurious signals from
DAC imperfections often require filtering. Limited
resolution restricts dynamic range and clarity,
impacting high-fidelity applications. Additionally,
longer settling times slow response in real-time
uses like audio processing, affecting performance.
Future Trends in DAC Technology 8

1. Higher Resolution and Speed


Increased resolution and faster update rates.
2. AI Integration
AI optimizes processing and adapts DAC performance.
3. Real-Time Processing
Immediate output adjustments for responsive applications.
4. Cloud Solutions
Scalable, remotely managed DAC resources.
5. Hybrid Architectures
Combining techniques for better performance.
6. Noise Reduction
Minimized thermal noise and interference.
9
Application
Q) what is the result of scrambling
the sequence 11100000000000
using one of the following scrambling
techniques? assume that the last
non-zero signal level has been
positive. a.B8ZS b.HDB3 (the
Answer 10
To scramble the sequence 11100000000000 using the specified techniques:a.
B8ZS (Bipolar with 8-Zero Substitution)
• In B8ZS, when encountering eight consecutive zeros, they are replaced with
the sequence "000VB0VB", where V denotes a violation (the same polarity as
the last non-zero signal). Given that the last non-zero signal is positive, the
scrambling results in:Original sequence: 11100000000000
• Scrambled output: 111000VB0VB
b. HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar 3-Zero)
• For HDB3, if the number of non-zero pulses after the last substitution is odd,
the substitution pattern is "OOOV". Since there are three non-zero pulses
(from the initial three 1's), we substitute four zeros with "OOOV", resulting
in:Original sequence: 11100000000000
• Scrambled output: 111OOOV
• Thus, the final scrambled sequences are:B8ZS: 111000VB0VB
THANK
YOU!!
Presented By :
Shaik Sana
Tabasum
2023002361

You might also like