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A. Intro To The ENDOCRINE System

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16 views

A. Intro To The ENDOCRINE System

Uploaded by

noahngoma41
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

for MBChB students

Mr D.R SIWALE (Physiologist)


OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION to ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• HORMONES- General Principles
• PITUITARY GLAND
• THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID GLANDS
• SUPRARENAL OR ADRENAL GLAND
• ENDOCRINE PANCREASE
• GONADS (Testes and Ovaries)

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The major endocrine glands…..

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INTRODUCTION
• All the physiological activities of the body are
regulated by two major systems:
• 1. Nervous system
• 2. Endocrine system.

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• RECEPTION: a signal molecule (ligand) binds to a receptor
protein (receptor), causing it to change shape. The interaction
between a ligand and receptor is highly specific. A
conformational change in a receptor is often the initial stage in
the transduction of a signal. Receptors are found in two places;
• Intracellular proteins are found inside the plasma membrane in
the cytoplasm or nucleus. The signaling molecule must cross the
plasma membrane and therefore must be hydrophobic (for
instance the steroid hormone testosterone), or very small (Nitric
Oxide).
• Cell-surface proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane,
and these receptors bind to water-soluble ligands.

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• TRANSDUCTION: cascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors to target molecule in the cell.
• Signal transduction pathways often involve a phosphorylation
cascade. Because the pathway is usually a multistep one, the
possibility of greatly amplifying the signal exists.
• At each step, enzymes called protein kinases phosphorylate
and thereby activate many proteins at the next level.
• This cascade of phosphorylation greatly enhances the signal,
allowing for a large cellular response. Not all components of
signal transduction pathways are proteins, some are small
non-protein water-soluble ions called second messengers, for
example cyclic AMP

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• RESPONSE: cell signaling leads to the regulation of
transcription or cytoplasmic activities.
• Many signaling pathways ultimately affect protein
synthesis, usually by turning specific genes on or off within
the nucleus.
• Often, the final activated molecule in a signaling pathway
functions as a transcription factor.
• In the cytoplasm, signaling pathways often regulate the
activity of proteins rather than their synthesis.
• For example, the final step in the signaling pathway may
affect the activity of enzymes or cause cytoskeleton
rearrangement.
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Examples- Phases of cell signaling

• RECEPTION: V2 receptors
receives ADH.

• TRANSDUCTION: ADH-
receptor complex
activates, adenylyl cyclase
converting ATP to cAMP.
cAMP activates protein
kinase A, then causes
phosphorylation of
intracellular structures.

• RESPONSES: vesicles
(aquaporins 2) are
shuttled to and inserted
into the luminal
membrane of the principal
cell, thus increasing its
water permeability.
Classification of Chemical Messengers

Classified into two types;


• 1. Classical hormones secreted by endocrine glands
• 2. Local hormones secreted from other tissues
• However, recently chemical messengers are classified
into four types:
– 1. Endocrine messengers
– 2. Paracrine messengers
– 3. Autocrine messengers
– 4. Neurocrine messengers

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Chemical messengers

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Don’t get mixed up between Endocrine and exocrine glands

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Hormones secreted by major endocrine glands

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Hormones secreted by gonads

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Hormones secreted by other glands

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OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the hormones secreted by the various
Glands
2. Name the Functions or action of the individual
hormones on various target tissues
3. Describe the Mechanism of hormonal action
4. Describe hormonal regulation
5. Disorders associated with hormones

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Recap
1. State any three differences between Endocrine and
exocrine glands?
2. Define cell-to – cell signaling?
3. What are the 3 stages of cell-to-cell signaling
4. What are chemical messengers? Give 4 examples
5. State 4 ways chemical messengers can be classified?
6. To which group of chemical messengers do
prostaglandins and histamine belong
7. Define intracellular chemical mediator and give 1
example
8. List hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland
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Summary of endocrine glands

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…….END…..

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