PHILOSOPHICAL

PERSPECTIVE
OF SELF
LESSON 1
UNIT I: Self from Various Perspectives
 Learning Objectives
❑ Discuss the different representations and
conceptualizations of the self in the field of philosophy

❑ Analyze the development of oneself and identity

❑ Develop a theory of self

How did ancient thinkers view
a human being?
Who were those curious
enough to study how human
being perceive themselves?

ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
PHILOSOPH
Y
philos (love) + sophia (wisdom) = loving
wisdom

A study of acquiring knowledge through

rational thinking and inquiries that
involves answering questions regarding
the nature and existence of man and the
world we live in
SOCRATE
S
“I❑know
Develop
thataI method of inquiry
don’t know”
known as Socratic Method
❑ Man is dualistic in nature
composed of body and soul
❑ ”The unexamined life is not
worth living”
❑ Man’s goal in life is to be happy
by means of becoming virtuous
 DUALITY OF SELF
According to Socrates

BODY SOUL

• Physical thing • Mental thing

• Temporary and not • Permanent
perfect • Separate from the
• Physically nice but body after death
changes overtime
PLATO
“Balance between body and
soul”
❑ Wrote the Socratic Dialogue
and known for his Theory of
Forms
❑ Supported the dualistic nature
of man but he added the three
concepts of soul
❑ “Good actions give strength to
ourselves and inspire good
actions in other.”
❑ Develop a method of inquiry
known as Collection and
Division Method
 THREE PARTS OF
SOUL According to Plato

APPETITIVE RATIONAL APPETITI

• sensual • reasoning • feeling
• motivated by • love truth • understands
wants and • rule over the the demand of
needs other parts passion, honor,
and victory
ST.
AUGUSTIN
E
❑ He adopted the Plato’s view
that the self is an immaterial
(but rational) soul
“ALL KNOWLEDGE
❑ Known LEADS TO
for his Theory of Forms
GOD”
in Christian perspective
❑ Man is capable of immortality
through communion with God
❑ Reaching happiness through
correct use of mind
 THREE ASPECTS OF SELF
According to St. Augustine

1 2 3
It is able to It recognizes It is aware of
be aware of itself as a its unity
itself holistic one
RENE
DESCARTES
❑ First thinker to emphasize the use
“ Cogito ergo sum: I think therefore
of reason to describe, predict,
I am”
and understand natural
phenomena based on
observational and empirical
evidences
❑ Proposed that “doubt” was a
principal tool of disciplined
inquiry
❑ Known for his method of inquiry
called Hyperbolical/Metaphysical
Doubt or Methodical Skepticism
 DESCARTES’ CLAIMS ABOUT
SELF
1 2 3
It is constant; it Only the The immaterial
is not prone to immaterial soul soul is the
change; and it remains the source of our
is not affected same identity
by time throughout
time
 BODY AND SOUL
According to Rene Descartes

BODY SOUL
• It is material • It is conscious,
substance thinking substance
• It can be doubted; that is unaffected by
The public can time
correct claims about • It is known only to
the body itself
• It is made up of • It is not made up of
JOHN
LOCKE
“❑Human
Believed thatatself
mind consists
birth of
is a tabula
memory;
rasa, that thethat
which means person existing
knowledge
is derived from
now is the experience”
same person
yesterday because he/she
remembers the thoughts,
experiences, or actions of the
earlier self
❑ Man is born with knowing nothing
and is capable to input learning
❑ Consciousness is the center of
self
DAVID
HUME
❑ One of the main figureheads of
“AllEMPIRICISM
knowledgemovement.
is derived from
human senses”
❑ Identified with his theory known
as Bundle Theory; which
described the self as a bundle or
collection of different
perceptions.
❑ He believed that there is no
logical justification of the
existence of anything other than
what your senses experienced
IMMANUEL
KANT
❑ He is the central figure of Modern
“REASON IS THE FINAL
AUTHORITY
PhilosophyOF MORALITY”
❑ His view of the self is
transcendental, which means the
self is related to a spiritual or non-
physical realm
❑ He proposed that it is knowledge
that bridges the self and the
material things together
❑ Known for his concept of
APPERCEPTION.
 TWO KINDS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
OF SELF
According to Immanuel Kant

Consciousnes Consciousness of
s of oneself oneself and one’s
and one’s state by
psychological performing acts of
states in inner apperception
sense
COMPONENTS OF SELF
According to Immanuel Kant

INNER SELF
Includes man’s rational intellect and
psychological state

OUTER SELF
Includes man’s senses and the
physical world
 SELF ORGANIZES INFORMATION IN
THREE WAYS
According to Immanuel Kant

1 2 3
Raw perceptual Recognizing Reproducing in
input the input the
imagination
SIGMUND
FREUD
❑ Father of Psychoanalysis
“Wish fulfillment is the road to the
❑ Man has different constructs of
unconscious”
personality that interact with each
other
❑ Developed the Psychoanalytic
Theory which is based on the
notion that individual gets
motivated by unseen forces,
controlled by the conscious and
rational thought
 THREE LEVELS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
According to Sigmund Freud

CONSCIOUS
Deals with awareness of present perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies at
any particular moment

PRE-CONSCIOUS/ SUB-CONSCIOUS
Related to data that can readily be brought to
consciousness

UNCONSCIOUS
Refers to data retained but not easily available
to the individual’s conscious awareness or
scrutiny
PSYCHE STRUCTURE
According to Sigmund Freud

ID
It operates on the pleasure principle

EGO
It operates according to reality principle

SUPEREGO
It incorporates the values and morals of
society
 TWO SYSTEMS OF
SUPEREGO
According to Sigmund Freud
CONSCIENCE IDEAL SELF

If the ego gives It is an imaginary

in to the id’s picture of how you
demands, the ought to be. It
superego may represents career
make the aspirations; how to
person feel bad treat other people;
through guilt and how to behave
as a member of
society
GILBERT
RYLE
❑ He wrote the Concept of Mind
“I
❑ ACT
Believedtherefore
that there isIno
am”
hidden
entity or ghost called “soul” inside
a machine called “body”
❑ He asserted that actions define
one’s own concept and sense of
self
PAUL
CHURCHLAND
“THE physical brain and not
❑ His philosophy stands on a
thematerialistic
imaginaryview mind gives us
or the belief that
ournothing,
sensebut of matter
self” exists. In short,
there is nothing beyond the
sensory experience.
❑ Known for his idea called
Eliminative Materialism
❑ He asserted that the sense of self
originated from the brain itself
MAURICE MERLEAU-
PONTY
“Physical Body is an
important
❑
part of the self”
Emphasize the body as the primary
site of knowing the world
❑ Developed that idea of self known
as Embodied Subjectivity
❑ He asserted that the body acts
what the mind perceives as a
unified one
“Believe in yourself. Have
faith in your abilities!
Without a humble but
reasonable confidence in
your own powers, you
cannot be successful or
happy”

-Norman Vincent Peale

 “ If you feel lost,
disappointed, hesitant, or
weak, return to yourself, to
who you are, here and now,
and when you get there. You
will discover yourself, like a
lotus flower in full bloom,
even in a muddy pond,
beautiful and strong”
-Mosaru Emoto, Secret Life of
Water
THANK YOU
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LEVIE T. VIDAD
REFERENCES
: ▪ Gallinero,W.B., Reyes, C.A.,Claudio, E.G., Alegado, A.M. Understanding
the Self. Two sides of Self, 2018, 24,: Mutya Publishing House,
Inc.:Malabon City
▪ Internet sources
▪ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self-dev
elopment/#:~:text=Sociological%20Theories%20of%20Self%2DDevelop
ment
, One%20of%20the&text=Later%2C%20George%20Herbert%20Mead
%20(1863,through%20the%20eyes%20of%20others.
▪ https://laulima.hawaii.edu/access/content/user/kfrench/sociology/The
%20Three%20Main%20Sociological%20Perspectives.pdf
▪ Video Presentation:
▪ https://study.com/academy/lesson/george-herbert-mead-the-self-me-
i.html