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Ana 206 Histology of Respiratory System by Dr. Akanji

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Oloruntomi Adesina
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21 views41 pages

Ana 206 Histology of Respiratory System by Dr. Akanji

Uploaded by

Oloruntomi Adesina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HISTOLOGY OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BY
DR. O. D. AKANJI
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(A) Conducting portion :
1- Nasal cavity.
2- Nasopharynx.
3- Larynx.
4- Trachea.
5- Primary bronchi (extrapulmonary bronchi).
6- Intrapulmonary bronchi:
- 2ry bronchi (lobar bronchi).
- 3ry bronchi (segmental bronchi).
7- Primary bronchioles (preterminal bronchioles).
8- Terminal bronchioles.
(B) Respiratory portion:
1- Respiratory bronchioles.
2- Alveolar ducts .
3- Alveolar sacs.
4- Pulmonary alveoli.
Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 13.2
VESTIBULE OF N.C.
Lining: is lined with thin skin.
1- Epidermis: (Keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium).
2- Dermis.
Contents:
1- Vibrissae: stiff hairs.
2- Sebaceous glands.
3- Sweat glands.
Wall:
1- Hyaline cartilage.
2- Cancellous (spongy) bone.
NASAL CAVITY (N.C.)

(1) Anterior portion of N.C.:


Vestibule. (skin & hair)
(2) Posterior portion of N.C.:
a- Respiratory region.
b- Olfactory region.
N.B. The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two
halves (right and left).
RESPIRATORY REGION (AREA) OF NASAL CAVITY

MUCOSA (MUCOUS MEMBRANE):


(A) Epithelium:
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
(Respiratory epithelium).

(B) Lamina propria ( Sub-epithelial C.T.):


contains:
1- Large arterial plexuses &
venous sinuses
(Highly vascularized C.T.)
3- Many seromucous glands (acini).
4- Abundant lymphoid elements:
Including occasional lymphoid nodules,
plasma cells & mast cells.
PARANASAL SINUSES
Lining: 1- Respiratory epith.
2- Lamina propria.
CLINICAL APPLICATION:
Sinusitis.
OLFACTORY REGION (AREA) OF NASAL CAVITY
(OLFACTORY MUCOSA)
Site: 1-Roof of nasal cavity.
2-Upper part of nasal septum.
3-over superior concha.
Structure:
(A) Olfactory epithelium:
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium.
1- Olfactory cells (olfactory nerve cells)
2- Sustentacular (supporting) cells.
3- Basal cells: Pyramidal in shape, basal in
position and act as stem cells.
(B) Lamina propria: contains:
1- Highly (richly) vascularized loose to dense C.T.
2- Contents:
a) Bowman’s glands ( olfactory glands) : are serous acini.
b) Bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers:
Are axons of olfactory nerve cells + Schwann-like cells (glial cells).
d) Numerous lymphoid elements.
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
1- Olfactory cells:
Are bipolar neurons
Dendrite has olfactory vesicle that has nonmotile cilia.
Axons are unmyelinated with Schwann-like cells.
Axons will collect in the lamina propria to form
bundles of nerve fibers.
Bundles will collect to form
the olfactory nerve.

2- Sustentacular (supporting) cells:


Are columnar cells.
Function:
Physical support and nourishment for olfactory cells.
LARYNX
(A) Mucosa (Mucous membrane ):
1- Epithelium.
2- Lamina propria.

(b) cartilages
1- Hyaline cartilages:
e.g. Thyroid cartilage.
2- Elastic cartilages:
Epiglottis.

(C) Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles:


all are skeletal.
(D) Ligaments.
LARYNX
(A) Mucosa:
1- Epithelium: (2 types)
a- Respiratory epithelium:
Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
b- Non keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium:
In: -Vocal folds.
- Superior surface of epiglottis

2- Lamina propria.
RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
epithelium with goblet cells.
Main Types of cells ( all touch the basement membrane)
1- Ciliated columnar cells.
2- Goblet cells. are phagocytic cells
3- Basal cells: are stem cells.
4- DNES cells: e.g. serotonin (for excitation in inhalation)
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
THE TRACHEA
• The trachea is attached to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx by the
cricothyroid membrane and lies anterior and adjacent to the
esophagus.
• It is a mucocartilagenous tube that is completed posteriorly by
smooth trachealis muscle.
• The hyaline cartilage rings prevents the airways from collapsing
during inspiration.
Trachea
• Mucosa
-Epithelium
-Lamina propria
• Sub mucosa
• Cartilage &muscle
layer
• Adventitia
Tracheal
Trachea
Mucosa
• Epithelium
-Pseudo stratified ciliated
columnar/ Respiratory
epithelium
Cells-Ciliated columnar
cells
- Goblet cells
-Brush cells
- Basal cells
-Granule (kulchitsky)
cells
-Clara
cells( bronchiolar
cells) surfactant secretion
• Lamina propria -
Elastic fibre, Lymphocyte,
Trach
• Sub mucosa- ea
• Loose connective tissue
• Tracheal glands-Mixed
(serous &mucus) glands
• Cartilage &smooth muscle
layer-
• ”C” Shaped hyaline
cartilage
• Ends of cartilage connected
by smooth muscles
• Adventitia-fibro elastic
tissue
Bronch
us
• Principal bronchus
-same as trachea
• Secondary bronchus
-Irregular hyaline cartilage
-Pseudo stratified
ciliated columnar
• Tertiary bronchus
-Stratified Columnar
epithelium
-Patches of cartilage
Bronchiole
• Terminal bronchiole
-Columnar epithelium
-No cartilage but smooth
muscle
-Clara cells present
• Respiratory bronchiole
-Cuboidal epithelium
-No mucous gland
Lung
1 Bronchus and bronchioles are
present
2 Alveolar duct and alveoli-
-Simple squamous epithelium
Type 1 Pneumocytes(97%
-Blood Air barrier
Type2 Pneumocytes(2%)
- pulmonary surfactant
- lamellar bodies
Type3Pneumocytes (brush
cells)
-Macrophages or Dust cells
(Heart failure cells),
3-Inter alveolar septa &
Lungs

• Separated from each other by the heart and other structures in the
mediastinum
• Each lung enclosed by double-layered pleural membrane
• Parietal pleura – lines wall of thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura – covers lungs themselves
• Pleural cavity is space between layers
• Pleural fluid reduces friction, produces surface tension (stick
together)
• Cardiac notch – heart makes left lung 10% smaller than right
Broncho-pulmoary segments
•Anatomic, functional, surgical
sectors of lung with each segment
aerated by Segmental/Tertiary
Bronchus.

•Each segment has a;


• tertiary bronchus,
• segmental artery,
• lymph vessels &
• autonomicnerves

Thus one segment is drained by


Broncho-Pulmoary segments

Total number of bronchopulmonary segments 10 on the right


8-9 on the left

Number of segments in the superior lobe 3 on the right


4 on the left

Number of segments in the inferior lobe 5 on the right


4 on the left
Tabular overview
Component Epithelium Secretory Cartilage Sm. Muscle Glands in C. T. Diameter Other
Cell

Trachea Pseudost.Columna Goblet C-shaped At opening of C- Serous/Mucous ~2 cm --


r Ciliated shaped cartilage

Bronchi Pseudost. Goblet Pieces Yes (encircles Serous/Mucous ~1.5 - 0.05 cm Enters lung
Columnar Ciliated lumen)

Bronchioles to Simple Columnar Club cells No Yes No 0.5 - 0.2 mm No Alveoli in


Terminal Ciliated Walls
Bronchioles

Respiratory Simple Cuboidal Club cells No Yes No ~0.15 mm Alveoli in


Bronchioles (some cilia) Walls

Alveolar Duct Mostly No No Yes/No No ~0.1 mm --


Simple Squamous

Alveoli Simple Squamous Type II Cell No No No <0.5 mm --


(Type I and II
cells)
Clinical
Relevance
• Asthma • Cystic fibrosis
• Bronchiectasis • Pulmonary hypertension
• Bronchitis
• Lung abscess
• Pneumonia
• Bronchopneumonia
• Pulmonary edema
• Tracheobronchomalacia
• Pulmonary embolism
• Bronchogenic cyst
• Atelectasis
• Ciliary Motility Disorders • Tuberculosis
• Chylothorax • Pleural Diseases
• Hemothorax • Pleural effusion
• Hydrothorax • Tuberculosis,
THANK YO FOR
LISTENING

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