NCM 111 RLE AJAquino, Asst.

Professor
2.
LESSON 1. RESEARCH
TITLE/TOPIC
a brief description of the theme of the study.
It names the major independent and dependent variables that are the subjects of
investigation.
Characteristics of a strong research title that will be approved:
1. Clear and Concise:
10-15 words that summarize the main focus of your
research. Avoid unnecessary words, jargon, or complex language
2. Show the relationship between independent and dependent
variables under study
3. Use Key Phrases:
keywords that accurately represent your research content.
Keywords that show up in relevant searches.
4. Highlight the Research Methodology: If your research uses a
specific methodology (e.g., case study, experiment, survey), mention it in the title.
5. Indicate the Scope: If your research focuses
on a specific time period, location, or group of people, include this information in the
title.
Title should also capture the interest of potential readers. Example:

Title: "Exploring the Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health Among Adolescents:
A Longitudinal Study” . The title must show key components:
1. Main Focus: The main focus of the research is "Exploring the Impact of Social Media
Usage on Mental Health."
2. Scope: The scope of the research is limited to "Adolescents."
3. Approach: The study will be conducted using a "Longitudinal Study" design, indicating
that data will be collected over an extended period to observe changes and trends.
 BY reading this title, someone would have a clear idea of what the
research aims to investigate, the specific demographic it targets, and
the methodology that will be used.

2. Title: "Investigating the Relationship Between Sleep Patterns and Cognitive

Function in Older Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis“ In this example:

Main Focus: The main focus of the research is "Investigating the Relationship Between
Sleep Patterns and Cognitive Function" in a specific demographic, "Older Adults."

Approach: The research will be conducted using a "Cross-sectional Analysis," implying

that data will be collected at a single point in time to examine potential associations.

Variables of Interest: The study will examine how "Sleep Patterns" relate to "Cognitive
Function" in older adults.
 THE TITLE provides a clear understanding of the research's purpose, the targeted
conditi on, the methodology, and the specifi c treatment being investi gated. it's informati ve
and provides insight into the potenti al implicati ons of the study's fi ndings.

Title: "Assessing the Efficacy of Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunctive Therapy for Reducing
Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial"

1. Main Focus: The main focus of the research is "Assessing the Efficacy of Mindfulness
Meditation" as a complementary treatment.

2. Specific Condition: The study focuses on "Generalized Anxiety Disorder."

3. Research Design: The research will be conducted using a "Randomized Controlled Trial," a
rigorous experimental design.

4. Treatment Approach: The study examines the effectiveness of "Mindfulness Meditation" as

an adjunctive therapy.
THIS TITLE conveys the research's central theme, the aspect being examined, and the
developmental domains under investi gati on. it gives potenti al readers an understanding of
the connecti on being explored and the potenti al outcomes of the study

Title: "Maternal Bonding and Child Development: Exploring the Long-term Effects of Early
Attachment on Social and Emotional Growth“ In this example:

1. Main Focus: The main focus of the research is "Maternal Bonding and Child
Development."

2. Specific Aspect: The study will explore the "Long-term Effects of Early Attachment"
between mother and child.

3. Developmental Domains: The research will particularly investigate the impact on "Social
and Emotional Growth."
Title: "Factors Influencing Clinical Competence Among Nursing Students: A Multifaceted Analysis of
Curriculum, Learning Environment, and Self-Efficacy"

In this example:

1. Main Focus: The main focus of the research is "Factors Influencing Clinical Competence" among a
specific group, "Nursing Students."

2. Key Aspects: The study will analyze the impact of "Curriculum, Learning Environment, and Self-
Efficacy" on clinical competence.

This title effectively communicates the central theme of the research, the specific group being
studied, and the various factors that will be investigated. It hints at the complexity of the analysis and
the potential insights into nursing education and student development.
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1.General purpose

A. Basic pure research- aka as “pure research” or “fundamental research

to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown,
to discover new facts

Example 1: Attitude of professional nurses toward the care of clients with pulmonary
tuberculosis in selected tertiary hospitals in the city of Manila

Example 2: Assessment of partnership between nursing education and nursing service

in selected colleges of nursing and nursing service departments.

B. Applied research- application of scientific knowledge, development of a new system or

procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem. In this
type of research, the problem is identified and a new system or method is applied in order
to solve the problem.
 Example 1: The value of preoperative teaching on deep breathing,
coughing, and bed exercise among postoperative patients

Example 2: Variation in blood pressure in different lying-in positions among

selected healthy individuals

C. Evaluation Research – The purpose is to judge the effectiveness of a

program, policy, or products
D. Action Research- Action research aims at solving specific
problems within a program, organization, or community
 2.SPECIFIC PURPOSES
a. Description- aims to systemically describe a problem, situation, phenomenon,
etc., or illustrate attitudes towards a problem or an issue (description).

b. Exploratory- explores areas about which very little information is available, or

probes if a particular research study can be undertaken (exploration)

c. Explanatory- attempts to explicate the relationship between certain aspects of

a situation or phenomenon; tries to answer the how’s and why’s of such
relationship (explanation)

d. Correlational- focused on establishing the relationship or determining whether

a relationship exists between two or more facets of a phenomenon (prediction
control

`
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO
DATA

1. Quantitative. This classification of research according to quantitative data, deals

with: precise measurement and quantification, The intent is to apply
or generalize knowledge from a smaller sample of subjects to a larger population.
a. Survey Research- Designed to obtain
information regarding the prevalence, (the total number of individuals
in a population who have a disease or health condition at a specific
period of time expressed as a percentage of the population),
distribution, and interrelationships of variables within a population.
Example: Political opinion polls, such as
those conducted by Pulse Asia When surveys use samples
of individuals they may be referred to as sample surveys, a census covers
the entire population. Surveys are a good design to use
when collecting demographic information, social characteristics, behavioral
patterns, and information bases.
Classification of research under
quantitative data …
b. Secondary Analysis of Existing Data- The data that are under
inquery, may have been generated from previous formal research, or may
have resulted from prior systematic collection of data.
Example 1: Existing RHU Records of maternal and child nutritional
status generated as a by-product of health care delivery systems.
Advantage : Secondary analysis of existing data is efficient and
economical because data collection is normally the most time-consuming
and expensive part of research projects.
Example 2: An undergraduate study of Chan, et al.2022 utilized existing
data to determine the Relationship between academic performance and
performance in the Nursing Aptitude test, and Nursing Licensure
examination of nursing students in selected colleges of nursing.
Classification of research under
quantitative data…
c.Evaluation Research- makes use of scientific research methods and
procedures to evaluate a program, treatment, practice or policy. It uses analytical
means to document the worth of the activity.
Example: The Implementation of Health Resource Development Program
Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (HRDP-COPAR) at Brgy.
Pacheco, Cavite: An Evaluative Study
d.Delphi Survey- a method of problem-solving in which several rounds of
questionnaires are emailed to a panel of experts. Feedback for previous
questionnaires is provided with each new questionnaire so that the experts’
opinions can converge to a consensus in subsequent rounds.
Example: a five-round
delphi survey, involving an international panel of experts from nine countries, to
define critical thinking in nursing. A consensual definition of critical thinking in
nursing was achieved. The panel also identified seven skills and 10 habits of the
mind that contribute to critical thinking.
Classification of research
under Qualitative Data
2. Qualitative. This involves the investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-
depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich using a flexible design.

a. Ground Theory- an approach of studying social psycholognarrative materials

ical processes and social structure, which aims to discover theoretical precepts
grounded in the data. This approach uses constant comparison. Categories
elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier so that
shared problems and variations can be determined (Polit and Beck, 2006, p.13)

Grounding means using a theory on the data collected. Grounded

theorists undertake the research by observing how the people solve problems
in a social setting. They use the inductive method of developing theories while
in the process of collecting data.
Classification of research under qualitative
data..

b.Phenomenological Theory- understand the response of the

participants to a given situation. Phenomenological research is based
on the intuitive analysis of the person’s experiences. Data are
gathered from a very small number of individuals

c. Ethnography- a type of research that focuses on the culture of a

group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork. It is common among
cultural anthropologists, and is often described as participant
observation. Ethnographers attempt to describe the culture of a group
through in-depth studies involving systematic observation of its
activities, language and customs.
Classification of research under qualitative data..
d.Historical Research- a systematic attempt to establish facts and relationships about
past events. Historical data are normally subjected to external criticism, which is
concerned with the genuineness of the source, and interval criticism, which assesses the
worth of the evidence

e.Case Studies- intensive investigations of a single entity or a small number of entities,

such as individuals, groups, organizations, families or communities. Collection of data is
done over an extended period of time

f.Participatory Action Research (PAR)- produces knowledge through close

collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression by
a dominant culture. In PAR, methods only place a second to emergent processes that
can motivate people and generate community solidarity.

The aim of PAR is to produce not just knowledge but action and consciousness
among the community people regarding what is going on in their lives. The key
objective is to produce improvements through education and sociopolitical action.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO TIME

1.Cross-sectional. This is when data are collected at one point in time, with no
follow-up. The result is a measurement of what exists today, with no attempt to
document changes over time, in either the past or the future.

Example: Patient care initiatives of staff nurses in the kidney unit of selected
tertiary hospitals were assessed using a cross-sectional approach. In the study,
the authors chose to observe the staff nurses at one point in time. No follow-up
observations were made.

2. Longitudinal. This is a study in which data are collected at different points in

time. Researchers invest a considerable amount of time when conducting prospective
studies, in which they follow a group of similar individuals over time.
classifi cation of research according to time
…

1. Retrospective studies. This research examines data collected in the

past, through review of medical records. In these records or events
have already occurred and variables have already been measured.

Example: In a study to determine the incidence of needle prick injury

among healthcare providers in a selected tertiary hospital, data were
collected from the hospital records found in the employee’s clinic.
Data retrieved included the clinical area where the healthcare
provider has been working in the area. Interventions given were also
noted.
Example: A retrospective study consisted of a chart review conducted
in a medical record department of a 600-bed urban referral hospital in
the Southeast with a large cardiovascular program.
classifi cation of research according to time
…

2. Prospective studies. This type of research examines data

collected at present. Prospective studies are more reliable
than retrospective studies because of potential for greater
control of data collection.

Example: A researcher designed a prospective study by

examining how nursing care changed during the first four
years after the new curriculum was implemented.
Example: A longitudinal study is necessary to determine if
maternal absence during infancy has influence on the
coping ability of the child during pre-school and school-age.
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DESIGN

1.Experimental Research. This is a classification of research

where the researchers actively introduce an intervention or
treatment. In an experiment (or randomized controlled trial, RCT).
Researchers are active agents, not passive observers.
2. Non-
experimental or observational research- the researchers do not
intervene by manipulating the independent variable. Non-
experimental research includes descriptive research and
correlational studies. Researchers collect data without introducing
treatments or changes. Example: Coping strategies of patients
undergoing hemodialysis in a tertiary hospital in Makati City.
There were eight coping strategies from which the patients’
responses were classified.
classifi cation of research according to design…

1.Descriptive correlational research- this type of research

describes how phenomena are interrelated without inferring
causality. 2 Univariate descriptive studies-
this study examines the occurrence, frequency, or average
value of variables without examining relationships
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO SETTING (SPECIFIC
PLACES WHERE INFORMATION IS GATHERED)

1.Library research- This is done in the library where

answers to specific questions or problems of the study are
available.

2.Field research/naturalistic setting- A less controlled

environment where research studies are conducted like in a
people’s home, place of work, health centers and school
settings.

3.Laboratory research- The research is conducted in

artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a
thoroughly specified and equipped area
LESSON 2. WRITING THE
INTRODUCTION
 Provide a brief overview of the research topic.

 Explain the background and context of the research problem.

 State the research question or hypothesis you intend to address.

Highlight the significance of the research and why it's worth investigating
 Step-by-step guide on how to write an effective research
introduction

1. Start Broad and Narrow Down: Begin with

a general statement that introduces the broader topic of your research. Then,
gradually narrow down the focus to your specific research question or problem.

2. Provide Context: Explain the

background of your research topic. Describe the context, significance, and relevance
of the issue you're investigating. Why is your research important?

3. State the Research Problem or Question: Clearly state your research problem or
question. This helps readers understand the main purpose of your study and what
you're trying to address.
 4. Highlight the Gap:
Discuss the gap or void in existing knowledge that your research aims to fill.
Explain why there's a need for your study and how it contributes to the field.

5. Present the Objectives:

List the specific objectives or goals of your research. What do you intend
to achieve through your study? This provides a roadmap for readers.

6. Explain the Methodology:

Briefly describe the research methods you've used or will use. Highlight whether
your study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Mention any key
techniques.
 7. Outline the Structure:
Give readers an overview of how your research paper is organized.
Mention the main sections or chapters they can expect to find.

8. Avoid Jargon and Technical Language:

Keep your introduction accessible to a wide audience. Avoid
using overly technical terms that might confuse readers.