HISTORY OF BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORKS

Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the
public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet
service provider (ISP) by dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone
line which could be connected using an RJ-11 connector

Dial-up connections use modems to decode audio signals

into data to send to a router or computer, and to encode
signals from the latter two devices to send to another
modem at the ISP.
 .Telephone modems send digital data between computers over the narrow channel the
telephone network provides for a voice call

A device that converts between a stream of digital bits and an analog signal that represents
the bits is called a modem, which is short for ‘‘modulator demodulator.’’ Modems come in
many varieties: telephone modems, DSL modems, cable modems, wireless modems, etc.
Telephone modems are used to send bits between two computers over a voice-grade telephone
line, in place of the conversation that usually fills the line.

The main difficulty in doing so is that a voice-grade telephone line is limited to 3100 Hz, about
what is sufficient to carry a conversation.

The reason that modems are so slow is that telephones were invented for carrying the human
voice and the entire system has been carefully optimized for this purpose. Data have always been
stepchildren.

At the point where each local loop terminates in the end office, the wire runs through a filter that
attenuates all frequencies below 300 Hz and above 3400 Hz. The cutoff is not sharp—300 Hz and
3400 Hz are the 3-dB points—so the bandwidth is usually quoted as 4000 Hz even though the
distance between the 3 dB points is 3100 Hz. Data on the wire are thus also restricted to this
narrow band.
When the telephone industry finally got to 56 kbps,
it patted itself on the back for a job well done.
Meanwhile, the cable TV industry was offering
speeds up to 10 Mbps on shared cables.
 New digital services over the local loop

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

The xDSL services have all been designed with certain goals in mind.
 The services must work over the existing Category 3 twisted pair local
loops.
 They must not affect customers’ existing telephones and fax machines.
 They must be much faster than 56 kbps.
 They should be always on, with just a monthly charge and no per-minute
charge.
DSL is a family of Technology that provides digital Data transmission over the wires of
a local loop telephone Network.DSL originally understood for Digital Subscriber Loop.

In term Telecommunication Marketing the term Digital subscriber Line is widely

understood to mean Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) the most commonly
installed technical variety of DSL.

DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular Telephone on the same telephone
line because DSL uses a high frequency .The frequency band are subsequently
separated by filtering.

Data Throughput of consumer DSL service typically ranges from 256 kbps to 40mbps in
downstream depending upon DSL TECHNOLOGY
The trick that makes xDSL work is that when a customer subscribes to it, the incoming line is
connected to a different kind of switch, one that does not have this filter, thus making the entire
capacity of the local loop available.

The limiting factor then becomes the physics of the local loop, which supports roughly 1 MHz,
not the artificial 3100 Hz bandwidth created by the filter
The capacity of the local loop falls rather quickly with distance from the
end office as the signal is increasingly degraded along the wire. It also
depends on the thickness and general quality of the twisted pair.

’ The lower the chosen

speed is, the larger
the radius and the
more customers are
covered. But the lower
the speed, the less
attractive the service
is and the fewer the
people who will be
willing to pay for it.
 The available 1.1 MHz spectrum on the local loop is divided into 256 independent channels of
4312.5 Hz each.

 The OFDM scheme, is used to send data over these channels, though it is often called DMT
(Discrete MultiTone) in the context of ADSL.
 Channel 0 is used for POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service).
 Channels 1–5 are not used, to keep the voice and data signals from interfering with each other.
 Of the remaining 250 channels, one is used for upstream control and one is used for
downstream control. The rest are available for user data.
 Signal quality in each slot is constantly monitored and the signals are shifted from bad slots to
good ones in an adaptive manner.
It is up to the provider to determine how many channels are used for
upstream and how many for downstream.

A 50/50 mix of upstream and downstream is technically possible, but

most providers allocate something like 80–90% of the bandwidth to the
downstream channel since most users download more data than they
upload. This choice gives rise to the ‘‘A’’ in ADSL.

A common split is 32 channels for upstream and the rest downstream

 Close to the NID (or
sometimes combined with it)
is a splitter, an analog filter
that separates the 0–4000-Hz
band used by POTS from the
data. The POTS signal is
routed to the existing
telephone or fax machine

The data signal is routed to an

ADSL modem, which uses
digital signal processing to
implement OFDM.

At the other end of the wire, on the end office side, a corresponding splitter is installed. Here,
the voice portion of the signal is filtered out and sent to the normal voice switch. The signal
above 26 kHz is routed to a new kind of device called a DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer), which contains the same kind of digital signal processor as the ADSL modem.
Once the bits have been recovered from the signal, packets are formed and sent off to the ISP
Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
and very high data rate
DSL (VDSL) are the two
most common DSL
services

VDSL services are usually

supported with a fiber
deep infrastructure such
as fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC),
which has a short distance
of twisted copper loop. For
a 4000-ft (1200-m) twisted
pair drop distance, VDSL
can support up to 52 Mbps
and 16 Mbps downstream
and upstream data rates
respectively
 Many ADSL
Many PCs Many ADSL DSLAMS BAS
Many PCs Modems
Many ADSL DSLAMS
Many PCs Modems
Many ADSL DSLAMS
Many PCs Modems DSLAMS
Modems

DSLAM consolidates a number of ADSL user connection onto a single fiber connection

BAS (Broadband Access server unwrap the various protocls inside which data travels over
the ADSL connection .It also makes connection to ISP appears exactly as if the connection
is by using dial up modem or ISDN
ISP
ISP TREATS ADSL CONNECTION EXACTLY THE SAME AS CONNECTION MADE USING
ORDINARY DIALUP MODEM OR ISDN

Internet
 Protocol
used
between
Modem
and BBRAS
 . Inside the home, a computer such
as a PC sends IP packets to the DSL
modem using a link layer like
Ethernet.

The protocols shown over the ADSL link start at the bottom with the ADSL physical layer. They
are based on a digital modulation scheme called orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(also known as discrete multitone)
ATM is a link layer that is based on the transmission of fixed-length cells of information. The
‘‘Asynchronous’’ in its name means that the cells do not always need to be sent in the way
that bits are continuously sent over synchronous lines, as in SONET.
The cells are each 53 bytes long, consisting of a 48-byte payload plus a 5-byte header. By
using small cells, ATM can flexibly divide the bandwidth of a physical layer link among different
users in fine slices.
•To send data over an ATM network, it needs to be mapped into
a sequence of cells. This mapping is done with an ATM
adaptation layer in a process called segmentation and
reassembly. Several adaptation layers have been defined for
different services, ranging from periodic voice samples to
packet data. The main one used for packet data is AAL5 (ATM
Adaptation Layer 5).