DESIGN OF CANAL SECTION

EXAMPLES & EXERCISES

Presented
by
Er. Baba Sharfuddin
Faculty member
WALAMTARI
Joined in Walamtari as Worked as DEE in Designs Circle,
Faculty Member in cadre Pranahita-Chevella Project, dealing
of DEE with Alignment, HPs & CM & CD
Structures of Gravity Canals of Lift
Worked in CE/CDO, as AEE & DEE, Irrigation Schemes(Ongoing)
dealing with Designs & Drawings
of Spillway DAM, Earth Dam, Weir,
Worked in Spl. Designs Circle, dealing
CM & CD Structures of Major &
with Designs & Drawings of
Medium Projects
Jalasoudha Building

Did Post-Graduation i.e Worked in Investigation Wing dealing

with Preparation of DPR & attending
M-
to CWC Comments for Clearance of
Tech(Structures) from JNTU Major & Medium Projects
in 1994 on merit basis
under Govt. sponsorship
Worked in Jurala Project in Joined I & CAD as AEE
Construction Block of in 1988
Spillway Dam
Er. Baba Sharfuddin
Did B.E in Civil Engg.
in 1985 Faculty member
WALAMTARI
 Hydraulic Particulars of
Canal
• Discharge(cumecs) - - - -Required/Designed
• Bed Width(m)
• Full Supply Depth(m)
• Side Slopes
• Free boards(m)
• Value of “n”
• Velocity(m/sec)
• V/Vo
• Bed Fall
• B/D ratio
Discharge: or MFD
• Designed Discharge: Discharge for which canal/ channel is
designed to pass through
• Designed discharge is always more than the required
discharge

Note: For very large CD works, damage to which is likely to

affect the canal supplies over a period, the design should
be based on Maximum probable flood predicted from the
maximum probable storm data
As per Cl.7.1.2 of IS:7784(Part-1)-1993

• Lacey’s Waterway Width(Pw)

Pw = C Q1/2
Where ‘C’ = a coefficient varying from 4.5 to 6.3
according to local condition, the usual value
adopted being 4.8 for regime channel
• Side Slope:(SS)
The side slope depends on the local soil
characteristics
for canals in Side Slope
(1)Embankment - - - - - - - - - - - 2 : 1
(2)Partial cutting & - - - - - - - - - 1.5 : 1
And
(3)Deep cut portion - - - - - - - - - 1 : 1
• Co-efficient of rugosity(n):
is the roughness coefficient. The value of ‘n’ varies
according to physical roughness of the sides and
bottom of the channel
for value of ‘n’
Lined canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.018
Unlined Canal - - - - - - - - - - - 0.0225
(canals of 1.5 to 100 cumecs)
• Free Board: FB
Sufficient free board is to be provided taking
into consideration canal size and location, rain
water inflow, water surface fluctuations
caused by regulators etc., A minimum FB is to
be provided as per IS:7784-(Part 2/Sec 2)-2000
Canal Discharge(in cumecs) FB in mm
• Upto 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 200
• 3 - 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 300
• 30 – 300 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 450
• 300 & above - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 600
• Bed Fall:
the maximum average slope of the ground is
to be determined from the L.S. of the ground.

Note:
Flatter slopes have to be adopted if the velocity
generated is higher than permissible one due
to adoption of average slope of the ground
• Critical Velocity(Vo): in metre per second
this velocity is the velocity(upper limit)
corresponding to depth of water/flow in the
canal
Adopting Kannedy’s expression, Vo is given by
Vo = C d 0.55 ( for clear water)
Where C = 0.47 for B.C, silty and softer soil
= 0.60 for murram, gravelly and hard
soils
d = depth of flow in the canal in metres
• Minimum Permissible Velocities: (V)
Type of Soil value of ‘v’(m/sec)
(1)Silts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.5 - 0.6
(2)Fine sand - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.7 - 0.8
(3)Clayey Sand - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.0
(4) Hard Sandy clay - - - - - - - - - - 1.0 - 1.2
(5)Ordinary Clay - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.2 - 1.4
NOTE:
All soils - - - - - - -0.60 to 1.10 m/s
SDR - - - - - - - - - -1.40 m/s
HDR - - - - - - - - - -2.4 m/s
HR - - - - - - - - -- - 4.5 m/s
• Bank top Width:
for canals carrying less than 1.5 cumecs it is
generally not economical to construct a
service road on top of bank as this requires
more materials than the excavation provides.
In such cases service road may be provided on
natural ground surface adjacent to the bank.
• Berms:
Berms along earthen channels are provided to
reduce the bank loads which may cause
sloughing off earth in to the canal section.

Berms may help to limit the height of rise of

water level at a time of fluctuations and to
protect the bank from the direct attack of
canal water.
• Full Cutting reaches:
(more than FSD + FB)
where depth of cutting is less than 9 m the
berms(Inspection Path) may be provided at
ground level.
Where depth of cutting is more than 9 m, the
berms to be provided at F.S.D. + 1 to 1.5 m
depth of cutting
  Design Principle of the Canals:
• Ayacut served based on Duty or Modified Penman Method.

• Size of Canal arrived with Manning’s Formula.

• Velocity deciding factor in arriving economic size of canal

bed width and full supply depth.

• Side slopes of canal will influence the cross sectional area

and wetted perimeter.

• The permissible velocity in the unlined canal is

0.6m/sec to 1.1m/sec and lined canal is doubled.
• While designing canal system the alignment come across
roads, vagues requiring construction of cross masonry and
cross drainage structures.

• Cross masonry works are : Bridges, Cross Regulators,

Drops, Escapes, Off-take sluices.

• Cross drainage works are: Aqueducts, Under Tunnels,

Super Passages, Canal Syphons

• The cross drainage structures will be designed based on the

maximum flood discharge and elevation of the bed levels of
the canal and drain, so also the full supply level (FSL of
canal) and Maximum Flood level of drain.
 Design of Canals

• For purpose of Design, irrigation canals can be

broadly classified in to three categories VIZ
(1) Unlined Canals (regime flow)
(2) Unlined Canals (Permissible velocity)
(3) Lined Canals

Note:
(1) Silting problem arise in channels taking off from
diversion works. These Channels are to be
designed on the principles of minimum
permissible velocity
 Design of Canals
(2) Channels taking off from storage works usually
carry silt free water. These channels are to be
designed on the principles of maximum
permissible velocity.
(3) Lined Canals are designed for a maximum
velocity of about 2.70 metres per second
 Design of Canals
• Calculation of Discharge based on CA, using Dicken’s
formula
Q=C M3/4,
Where ‘M’= Catchment Area
‘C’ = a co-efficient depending on CA
CA ‘C’ Value
0 – 2.5 km2 19.50
2.5 – 7.5 16.70
7.5 – 12.5 14.60

Note: If CA is given in Sq. Miles, convert into Sq.Km, using 1

Sq.Km = 0.3861 Sq. Miles
Contd…
Catchment Area
As per Cl.7.1.2 of IS:7784(Part-1)-1993

• Lacey’s Waterway Width(Pw)

Pw = C Q1/2
Where ‘C’ = a coefficient varying from 4.5 to 6.3
according to local condition, the usual value
adopted being 4.8 for regime channel

Trapezoidal Section: Practical

Consideration necessitate making a Channel of
Trapezoidal Section. The corners are rounded off
in lined canals
Contd…
 Design of Canals
• The canal may not be flumed to less than 75%
of bed width. In general 60% fluming is being
adopted.
• The top width of water prism at FSL is more
than 60% of Lacey's Bed width.

Contd….
23
 Design of Canals
• Bed Fall is to be maintained
• Value of ‘n’
for lined canal, n = 0.018
for unlined canal, n = 0.0225 to 0.035
• side slopes
for canal in embankment, SS = 2:1
for canal in partial cutting & banking, SS =1.5:1
for canal in deep cut portion, SS = 1:1
contd…
 Design of Canals
• Calculate Depth of water in canal(d)
(Hint:d(in m) = C Q1/3 )

Where C = constant varying from 0.64 to 0.70

& Q = Discharge in Cumecs

Note:-
The width at FSL should be more than the calculated
Lacey’s waterway bed width

Contd…
 Design of Canals
• Manning’s formula(being adopted in design of open
channel)
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where
V = mean velocity of flow in m/sec
‘n’ = roughness coefficient, called as ‘coefficient
of rugosity
R = Hydraulic mean depth
( area over perimeter i.e A/P)
S = Slope of channel or Bed Fall, 1 in S
Contd….
 Design of Canals
• Discharge(Q)
• Q = V A in Cumecs

Note:
Designed discharge should be more than the
required discharge
If above factors are taken care of, the canal
section is considered as safe
Co-Efficient of rugosity’n’
For value of ‘n’
Lined canal 0.018
Normal alluvial soils 0.0225
Murum 0.025
Rocky strata 0.03 to 0.035
 Design of Canal Section
STEPS:
1. Calculation of Discharge(Q) when CA is given
2. Calculation of Bed width, using Lacey’s water –
way equation
3. Calculation of depth of flow(d)
4. Check Width at F.S.L(more than Bw)
5. Adopt suitable side slope depending on whether
canal in embankment, partial cutting/banking or
deep cut portion
6. Calculation of Area and perimeter
contd…
 Design of Canal Section-Contd
(7)Calculate Hydraulic mean depth (R)i.e A/P
(8)Calculate Bed Fall or Bed slope using L.S.
furnished or assume a suitable Slope
eg. 1 in 6000
(9)Adopt value of ‘n’ (whether it is lined or unlined)
(10)Calculation of Velocity, using Manning’s formula
(11)Check the permissible velocity as per standards
contd….
 Design of Canal Section-Contd
(12)Calculation of designed Discharge(Qd)
i.e Qd = V A in cumecs

(13)Check Qd is more than Qr

(14)In case ‘V’ & ‘Q’ are not within limits, revise
the canal section, by changing ‘FSD’
Design of Canal Section
Example-1
 Design of Canal Section

Example-1:
Design a lined Canal of 15 Cumecs
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as
1 in 6000 and canal is in cutting and adopting

Fluming as 60%.
 Design of Canal Section
Example-1(worked-out Calculations)

• DESIGN OF Canal Section(lined )

• Lacey's bed width(L) = 4.8 √Q
{8.1.2 of IS 7784(Part 1) : 1993}
Q = 15.000 Cumecs
L = 4.8 √ 15.000 = 18.590 m
• Fluming 60 % Lacey's width Bed width of Tail
Channel = 0.600 x 18.590 = 11.154 m or Say
12.00 m
 Design of Canal Section
Example-1(worked-out Calculations)

• Discharge = 15.000 cumecs

• Bed width = 12.00 mts.
• Bed fall = 1in 6000
• n = 0.018
• side slope = 1.5
d= 1.646 mts. By Trial and error
( Hint: d(in m) = C Q1/3 Where C = constant varying
from 0.64 to 0.70m Note: take avg. as 0.67)
• Area = 23.816 sq.mt. (using trapezoidal section)
 Design of Canal Section
Example-1(worked-out Calculations)

• Perimeter = 17.935 mts.

• R = A/P, R = 1.328 mts.
• R2/3 = 1.208
• V = ( 1 / n ) * ( R2/3 ) * (S )1/2
• V = 0.866 mts/sec < 2.7 m/s
OK
• Discharge = V*A
• Q = 20.636 cumecs > 15.000 cumecs
OK, but uneconomical section. Hence needs revision.
Note: If Bw is taken as 11.20 m instead of 12 m,
check section and notice the difference.
Design of Canal
Exercise-1
1)Design lined canal for 35 Cumecs of
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as 1 in
4000 & Canal is in cutting and adopting
Fluming as 60%.
 Design of Canal
Exercise-1(Worked-out calculations)
• Lacey's bed width(L) = 4.8 √Q
• Q = 35.000 Cumecs
• L = 4.8 √ 35.000 = 28.397 m
• Fluming 60 % Lacey's width Bed
• width of Channel = 0.600 x 28.397
= 17.038 m
or Say 17.00 m
 Design of Canal
Exercise-1(Worked-out calculations):Contd..
• Discharge = 35.000 cumecs
• Bed width = 17.00 mts.
• Bed fall = 1in 4000
• n = 0.018
• side slope = 1.5
• d = 1.646 mts. By trial and error
(Hint: d(in m) = C Q1/3 Where C = constant varying
from 0.64 to 0.70 Note: take avg. as 0.67)
• Area = 32.046 sq.mt.
• Perimeter = 22.935 mts.
 Design of Canal
Exercise-1(Worked-out calculations):Contd..
• R = A/P , R = 1.397 mts.
• R2/3 = 1.250
• CC lining
• V = ( 1 / n ) * ( R2/3 ) * (S )1/2
• V = 1.098 mts/sec
WITHIN RANGE OF 2.7 M/S, Hence OK
Discharge = V*A
=35.182 cumecs > 35.000 cumecs
Hence OK
 Design of Canal Sections
• Examples & Exercises:
(1)Calculate “Q” for CA of 0.538 Sq. Km, using
Dicken’s Formula ( i.e Q = C M3/4),
considering “C’ value as 19.5

(2)Calculate Bed width of canal section for above value

of ‘Q’, using Lacey’s Bed width Equation(i.e Bw = 4.8
Q1/2 ), duly adopting 60% fluming and design canal
section
Contd….
 Design of Canal Sections
• Examples & Exercises:
(3)Design a lined Canal of 15 Cumecs
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as
1 in 6000 and canal in deep cutting

(4)Design of unlined canal for 15 Cumecs of

carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as
1 in 6000 and value of ‘n’ as 0.025 and canal in
cutting.

Contd….
 Design of Canal Sections
• Examples & Exercises:
(5)Design a unlined Canal of 35 Cumecs
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as 1 in
4000, value of ‘n’ as 0.025 & Canal in cutting
(6)Design lined canal for 35 Cumecs of
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as 1 in 2000
& Canal in cutting
(7)Design lined canal for 35 Cumecs of
carrying Capacity, assuming Bed Fall as 1 in 4000
& Canal in cutting

Contd….
 Design of Canals
Examples & Exercises:
(8)Design Lined Canal for Q = 15 Cum (n=0.018)

assuming Bed Fall as 1 in 6000

in
(a)Embankment Portion(SS—2:1)
(b)Partial cutting and banking Portion
(SS—1.5:1) and
(c)Deep cut Portion(SS---1:1)
 LIST OF IS CODES
USED FOR DESIGN OF CANALS
• IS CODE: 7784-(Part-I)-1993
• IS CODE: 7784-(Part.2/Sec.2)-2000
• IS CODE: 3873-1993
• IS CODE: 4558-1995
• IS CODE: 3370-1965(Part-I)
• IS CODE: 10430-2000
• IS CODE: 7112-1993
 LIST OF I.S.CODES ON CANAL ALIGNMENT AND OTHER
IMPORTANT REFERENCE BO KS

S.NO DESCRIPTION CODE NO

1 Guide for Plan ing layout of canal system for Ir igation IS:5968-1987
2 Criteria for design of cros section for unlined canals in al uvial soils IS:71 2-1973
3 Code of practice for design or cros section of lined canals IS:4745-1968
4 Code of practice for laying in situ cement concrete lin g on canals IS:3873-1978
5 Guide lines for lin g of canals in Expensive soils IS:9451-19 4
6 Criteria for hydraulic design of Regulators for canals IS:71 4-1973
7 Guide for location sel ction and hydraulic design of canal escapes IS:6936-19 2
8 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (General features) IS:7 84(part-I)-19 3
9 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (section -1,Aqueducts) IS:7 84 (part-2/section-1)-19 5
10 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (section -2 superpas ages) IS:7 84 (part-2/section-2)-20 0
1 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (section-3 canal syphons) IS:7 84 (part-2/1983-section-3)-19 6
12 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (section-4 Level crosing) IS:7 84 (part-2/-section-4)-19 9
13 Code of practice for design of cros drainage works (section-5 syphon Aqueducts) IS:7 84 (part-2/-section-5)-20 0
14 Cur ent practices in canal design in India CBIP Technical report No-3
15 Design Practices for unlined incised canals CBIP Technical report No-7
16 Manual on Ir igation and Power Chan els CBIP -171
17 Text bo k of Ir igation Manual W.M.EL IS

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THANK YOU

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