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Exp 10 Keton

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8 views20 pages

Exp 10 Keton

Uploaded by

majdkhashan999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Organic chemistry lab

Experiment (10)
Aldehydes and ketones

(chemical Test )

Fayda Salameh
Objective

chemical tests will be performed to identify the presence of


aldehydes or ketones functional group in the given organic
compound.
Aldehydes and ketones
Aldehydes and ketones constitute an important class of organic compounds
containing the carbonyl group. Aldehyde has the structure RCH(=O) while a
ketone has the structure of R2C(=O). Where R may be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl
or aryl group.

 In aldehydes the carbonyl group is attached to a hydrogen atom and an aliphatic,


aromatic radical or Hydrogen as in Formaldehyde.

 In ketones the carbonyl group is attached to two aliphatic or aromatic group.

 The carbonyl group is common to both aldehydes and ketones, and as a result,
both classes of compounds react similarly with many reagents.
The difference between ketone and aldehyde

The difference between ketone and aldehyde is the carbonyl group present in
aldehydes can be easily oxidized to carboxylic acids whereas the carbonyl group
in ketones are not oxidized easily. This difference in reactivity is the basis for
distinction of aldehydes and ketones.

Several laboratory tests that distinguish between aldehydes and ketones in today
experiment we will took about some of these test.
I. Tests and derivatives
1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
 Aldehydes and ketones react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent to
form yellow, orange, or reddish-orange precipitates as number of carbon
within the compound increase, whereas alcohols do not react. Formation
of a precipitate therefore indicates the presence of an aldehyde or
ketone.
1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
 The mechanism of formation of these closely related derivatives
involves a typical nucleophilic addition at the carbonyl carbon followed
by elimination of a water molecule.
1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
 The mechanism of formation of these closely related derivatives
involves a typical nucleophilic addition at the carbonyl carbon followed
by elimination of a water molecule.

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test indicate the present of carbonyl


group in aldehyde and ketone
2. Tollens' Silver Mirror Test
 In Tollens' silver mirror test, in which a silver ammonia complex ion is
reduced, by aldehydes, to metallic silver. But not by ketone.

This test distinguish between aldehyde and ketone,


it give positive test with aldehyde.
3. Fehling's and Benedict's Tests
 Fehling's and Benedict's solutions are also distinguishing reagents where
the Cu(II) ion, complexed to tartarate or citrate respectively, is reduced to
red cuprous oxide (Cu2O) by aldehydes but not ketones.
4. The Iodoform Test
is used to check the presence of carbonyl compounds with the structure
R-CO-CH3 or alcohols with the structure R-CH(OH)-CH3 in a given
unknown substance. The reaction of iodine, a base and a methyl ketone
gives a yellow precipitate.
5. The Iodoform Test
 The iodoform test is used to identify secondary alcohols that have a
methyl group on the alcohol carbon. This type of alcohol will react
with I2 in NaOH to give a yellow precipitate of iodoform, CHI 3.
Component of this experiment
Good Luke

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