Botanical Description in Peanut

❖ Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) or groundnut is

an annual herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae or
Legume family.
❖ It is known by many other local names such as
earthnuts, ground nuts, goober peas,monkey
nuts, pygmy nuts,pig nuts (Eng.) Batungchina
(Sul.), and Mani (Span., Tag.) and Hua sheng
(Chin.). Despite its name and appearance, the
peanut is not a nut, but rather a legume.
The peanut plant has procumbent (trailing) stems and
grows to around 0.5 m (20 in) tall or long.

After pollination, the flower stalks elongate, growing to 6

cm long, and push the developing pods into the ground,
so that the fruit must be dug up from the soil to be
harvested.

The fruit is an indehiscent legume (a pod that does not

have sutures or split open freely), typically containing 1
to 3 soft seeds (sometimes as many as 6), each covered
with a reddish brown, papery membrane. The seeds
contain up to 50% oil.
Origin and Major type

• Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are believed to have originated in South

America. Evidence suggests that they were first cultivated in the region
that is now part of modern-day Peru and Brazil. The earliest
archaeological finds indicate that peanuts were grown and consumed by
ancient civilizations in this area more than 3,500 years ago.
• The peanut plant is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of
South America. It is thought to have been domesticated by indigenous
peoples in this region, who cultivated it for its nutritional value. After the
arrival of Europeans in the Americas, peanuts were introduced to other
parts of the world, including Africa and Asia, where they became
important crops in various agricultural systems.
• Peanuts were brought to North America by European settlers in the 16th
and 17th centuries, and they have since become a significant agricultural
commodity in the United States and other countries around the world
There are four major types of peanuts, each with distinct characteristics:
1.Runner Peanuts: These are the most commonly grown peanuts in the United States,
particularly in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. They are known for their uniform size and are often
used in peanut butter and snack products. Runner peanuts have a high oil content and are typically
used in processed foods.

2.Virginia Peanuts: These peanuts are larger and have a more distinct, nutty flavor. They are
often eaten as snacks, either roasted or boiled. Virginia peanuts are primarily grown in Virginia and
North Carolina. Their larger size makes them popular for gourmet uses.
3.Spanish Peanuts: These peanuts are smaller and have a reddish-brown skin. They are often
used in candies and snacks. Spanish peanuts are known for their robust flavor and are commonly
grown in the southwestern United States, including Texas and New Mexico.

4.Valencia Peanuts: Known for their sweet flavor and high oil content, Valencia peanuts are often
used in natural peanut butter and other specialty products. They are typically grown in New Mexico
and are distinguished by their three or more small kernels per pod.
PRODUCTION TREND OF PEANUT
NUTRITIONAL VALUE
PEANUT PROVIDE PROTEIN, VITAMINS, MINERAL, AND
ANTIOXIDANTS. THEY MAY HAVE OTHER BENEFITS, INCLUDING
PROMOTING FULLNESS AND HELPING PROTECT AGAINST
HEART DISEASE.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES
• Peanuts are rich in nutrients, providing over 30
essential nutrients and phytonutrients. Peanuts are a
good source of niacin, fiber, vitamin E, magnesium and
phosphorus. They also are naturally free of trans-fats
and sodium, and contain about 25% protein ( a higher
proportion than in any true nut).
• Niacin – peanuts are a good source of niacin, and thus
contribute to brain health and blood flow.
NUTRITIONAL FACTS

• Calories: 567
• Water: 6.5%
• Protein: 25.8 grams
• Carbs: 16.1 grams
• Sugar: 4.7 grams
• Fiber: 8.5 grams
• Fat: 49.2 grams
FAT IN PEANUTS

• Peanuts are high in FAT.

• In fact, they are classified as oilseeds. A large
proportion of the world’s peanut harvest is used for
making peanut oil(arachis oil)
• The fat content ranges around 49% and mainly
consists of mono-and polyunsaturated fat, most of
which is made up to oleic and linoleic acids.
PEANUT PROTEINS

• Peanut are good source of protein.

• The protein content ranges from 22-30% of its tota
calories, making peanuts a great source of plant-based
protein.
• The most abundant proteins in peanuts, arachin and
conarchin, can be severely allergenic to some people,
causing life threatening reactions.
CARBS
• Peanuts are low in cats
• In fact the carb content is only about 13-16%
of total weight.
• Being low in carbs and high in protein, fat,
and fiber, peanuts have a very low glycemic
index, which is a measure of how quickly
carbs enter your bloodstream after a meal.
 VITAMINS AND MINERALS
• Biotin. Peanuts are one of the richest dietary sources of biotin,
which is important during pregnancy.
• Copper. A dietary trace mineral, copper is often low in the
Western diet. Deficiency may have adverse effects o heart
health.
• Niacin. Also known as vitamin B3 has various important,
functions in your body. It has been linked to a reduced risk heart
disease.
• Folate. Also known as vitamin B9 or Folic Acid, folate has many
essential functions and is especially important during pregnancy.
• Manganese. A trace element, manganese is found in
drinking water and most foods.
• Vitamin E. A powerful antioxidant, this vitamin is often
found in high amounts in fatty foods.
• Thiamine. One of the Bb vitamins, thiamine I also
known as vitamin B1. It helps your body’s cells convert
carbs into energy and is essential for the function of
your heart, muscles, and nervous system.
• Phosphorus. Peanuts are good source of phosphorus, a
mineral that plays an essential role in the growth and
maintenance of body tissues.
• Magnesium. An essential dietary mineral with various
important functions, sufficient magnesium intake is
believed to protect against heart disease.
USES AS
CULINARY
Pe a n u t F l o u r Peanut Sauce Peanut oil
Approved Varieties
1. UPL Pn-2 (104-111 days)
– This variety is known for its moderate maturity period and
high yields. It was developed by the University of the
Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) as part of their research to create
adaptable peanut varieties suited for Philippine conditions.
2. UPL Pn-4 (105-110 days)
– Developed by UPLB, UPL Pn-4 has a similar maturity period
to UPL Pn-2 but is distinct for its disease resistance and
adaptability, especially to varying climates in the Philippines.
3. UPL Pn-6 (105-110 days)
– Another variety from UPLB, UPL Pn-6 offers high yield
stability and good resistance to common peanut pests and
diseases. It is suitable for different soil types in the country .
4. UPL Pn-8 (100-110 days)
– With a slightly faster maturity rate, UPL Pn-8 is also a product of
UPLB research, aimed at developing varieties that can thrive in
shorter growing seasons or areas prone to erratic weather.
5. BPI Pn-2 (97-101 days)
– This early-maturing variety was developed by the Bureau of
Plant Industry (BPI) in the Philippines. It is popular for its high
yield and shorter growing period, making it ideal for farmers who
want to maximize crop cycles.
6. UPL Pn-10 (98-100 days)
-UPL Pn-10 was developed by UPLB for fast growth and
adaptability to drought-prone areas. It offers consistent yields
even in less favorable conditions.
7. PSB Pn-2 (101-103 days)
– Developed by the Philippine Seed Board (PSB), this variety is
known for its compatibility with intercropping systems and its
ability to thrive in different cropping systems.
8.PSB Pn-3 (103-104 days)
– Similar to PSB Pn-2, PSB Pn-3 was also developed by the Philippine
Seed Board. It is highly adaptable to local climates and soil types,
making it a reliable option for farmers in various regions of the
Philippines.
9. ICGV 8848 (120 days)
– Developed by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-
Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), this variety is characterized by its long maturity
period and excellent drought tolerance, making it suitable for areas
with unpredictable rainfall.
10. ICGV 88392 (120 days)
– Another variety from ICRISAT, ICGV 88392 is recognized for its
resistance to diseases and pests, as well as its high-quality pods. It
matures in 120 days and is well-suited for drier regions.
11. ICGV 88406 (120 days)
– Also developed by ICRISAT, this variety shares similar traits with other
ICGV varieties. It is highly resistant to diseases and pests and offers high
yields even under challenging growing conditions.
Cultivation (From Soil requirements, Climatic)

Cultivating peanuts requires specific soil and climatic conditions for optimal growth
and yield:
• Soil Requirements:
1.Soil Type:
1. Peanuts prefer well-drained, sandy loam or loamy soils. These soil types
facilitate good drainage and aeration, which are crucial for root health.
2. Avoid heavy clay soils that retain excess moisture, leading to potential root
rot.
2.Soil Preparation:
1. Tillage should be done to a depth of 8-10 inches to create a loose seedbed
and ensure adequate root development.
2. Incorporate organic matter, such as compost, to improve soil structure and
fertility.
3.Soil pH:
1. The ideal pH for peanuts is between 5.9 and 6.5. Test soil pH and adjust as
needed using lime to raise pH or sulfur to lower it.
• Climatic Requirements:
1.Temperature:
1. Peanuts thrive in warm climates with temperatures ranging from
70-85°F (21-29°C) during the growing season.
2. They are sensitive to frost, so ensure planting is done after the last
frost in spring and harvesting occurs before the first frost.
2.Rainfall:
1. Peanuts need approximately 20-30 inches (50-75 cm) of rainfall
annually. Consistent moisture is critical, especially during pod
development.
2. In regions with insufficient rainfall, irrigation may be necessary to
maintain adequate soil moisture.
3.Sunlight:
1. Full sunlight is essential for peanut plants. They require at least 6-8
hours of direct sunlight daily for healthy growth and pod
development.
• By adhering to these soil and climatic requirements, you can create
optimal conditions for peanut cultivation, leading to a successful harvest
 CULTURAL
PRACTICES
* Plow and Harrow the field 2 to 3 times at weekly interval.
* If the Soil is not good, plant the peanut on hills.
* Before planting, apply rhizobium in peanut grains

* Hill Method:
Dry Season: Plant 1 seed per hill at a distance of 510
centimenters.
Wet Season : 10 - 15 centimeters.

* Drill Method:
Dry Season: 18-20 seeds per linear meter
Wet Season: 10-15 seeds per linear meter
 CROP PROTECTION AND CONTROL MEASURES OF
PEANUT
Crop protection and control measures in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) are essential for managing
pests, diseases, and weeds that can significantly reduce yield and quality. Here are some common
crop protection and control measures used in peanut cultivation:

1. Pest management
Insect pests:
A. Aphids – are common pests in peanut cultivation, known for feeding on the sap of
plants.
Control measures:
a. Cultural Practices
b. Biological Control
c. Chemical Control
d. Integrated Pest Management
e. Physical Control
B. Termites ( Odontoterme spp)
termites can cause damage to peanut crops by feeding on the roots, stems, and pods,
which weakens the plants and reduces yield.
Control measures:

A. Cultural Practices

B. Biological Control

C. Chemical Control

D. Integrated Pest Management

E. Physical Barriers
C. Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

can cause significant damage to peanut crops by feeding on the pods and seeds, leading to
reduced yields and crop quality

Control Measures:

a. Cultural Practices
b. Biological Control
c. Chemical Control
d. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
e. Physical Control
f. Mechanical Barriers

2. Common Diseases

• Cercospora Leaf Spot – this is one of the most destructive diseases affecting peanut foliage.
 Control Measures:

a. Use Fungicides

b. Crop rotation

c. Use resistant varieties

• Rust (Puccinia arachidis) – causes defoliation and reduces yields.

Control Measures:

a. Spray systemic fungicides

b. Ensure proper plant spacing for good air circulation

• Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus and Groundnut Rosette Virus are spread by insect vectors (aphids
and thrips)

Control Measures:

a. Control insect vectors using insecticides

b. Use virus-free seeds and plant resistant/tolerant varieties

c. Intercropping

3. Weed Management – weeds compete nutrients, water, and light reducing peanut yield.

Control Measures:

a. Apply pre-emergent herbicides

b. Apply post-emergent herbicides

c. Mechanical Weeding

d. Mulching
4. Rodent and Bird Control – rodents and birds can damage peanut crops by feeding on seeds and
pods.

Control Measures:

a. Use traps or Rodenticides

b. Installing Scarecrow or bird deterrents

COMMON INSECT
PEST
POD BORER

(HELICOVERPA

ARMIGERA)
APHIDS ( APHIS

CRACCIVORA)
 COMMON DISEASES
Cercospora Late leaf Pe a n u t
leaf spot Spot Ru s t
S t e m Ro t Bud Necrosis
HARVESTING
AND POST -
HARVEST
PRACTICES
1. Determine the Right Time for Harvest
Checked the maturity: Peanuts are usually ready for harvest 120-150 days after
planting, depending on the variety. Check the maturity by pulling out a few plants
and inspecting the pods. Mature peanuts will have a brown inner hull, and the
kernels will be fully developed.
Weather Consideration: Harvest peanuts when the weather is dry to avoid issues
with mold and rotting.
2. Prepare the Tools/Equipment
Manual Tools: If harvesting by hand, you’ll need tools like a digging fork or shovel.
Mechanical Tools: For large-scale operations, peanut diggers or lifters are used to
dig up the plants from the soil.
3. Loosening the Soil
Manual: Use a digging fork or shovel to loosen the soil around the peanut plants.
Mechanical: Peanut diggers use blades to cut under the plants, loosening them
from the ground.
4. Pulling the Plants
Carefully pull the plants from the loosened soil. Ensure the pods remain attached
to the roots when pulling the plants.
5. Shaking Off the Soil
 Post-harvest
1. Stripping/Threshing
This machine separates peanut pods from the plant after
harvesting. It is used to separate the peanut pods from
the vines and to remove dust, stacks and foreign
materials, and to sort the pods into three sizes.
Cleaning
Processing begins with separating foreign material
(primarily soil, vines, stems, and leaves) from the
peanut pods using a series of screens and blowers.
The pods are then washed in wet, coarse sand that
removes stains and discoloration. The sand is then
screened from the peanuts for reuse.
Drying
Sun drying is the traditional and most commonly
used drying method by farmers which is
considered as the cheap method but very
dependent on climatic condition. It will take 2-5
days depending upon the weather condition to
dry the crops left in the field under the sun.
Shelling
The cleaned peanuts move by conveyor to shelling
machines where peanuts are de-hulled as they are
forced through perforated grates. The peanuts then
pass through updraft air columns that separate the
kernels from the hulls. Specific gravity machines
separate the kernels and the unshelled pods.
Sorting
Sorting is done in three stages, i.e., 1) removing
peanuts whose shells are damaged, attacked by pests
and moldy; 2) separating the seeds that have been
discolored, decomposed, broken and lost from the
skin of the testa; 3) separating the seeds that change
color after blanching.
Storing
Cool, dark place: Store your nuts in a cool, dark
pantry away from direct sunlight and heat sources
like ovens and stoves.. A consistent temperature is
ideal. The fridge or freezer for extended periods: For
long-terms storage(beyond a few months) consider
the fridge or freezer.