E 1020: Introduction to Chemistry

Module 9: Stoichiometry
9.1: Stoichiometry uses coefficients as molar conversion factors
9.2: Mass-to-mole and mass-to-mass conversions
9.3: Molarity and solution stoichiometry
9.4: Limiting reactants, theoretical and percent yields

Resources on Canvas:
• Periodic table
• Complete mole map
• Quick summary of Module 9
nStax Chemistry Atoms First 2/e p. 363 - • Guide to LR and TY
Module 9: Stoichiometry

9.1: Stoichiometry: coefficients as molar

conversion factors
• Explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to
chemical reactions
• Use balanced chemical equations to derive
stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants
and products

OpenStax Chemistry 2/e p.363 - 3

Module 9. Stoichiometry

Big ideas?

1. Stoichiometry is the ratio at which chemicals

react in order to obey the law of conservation
of mass.

2. Stoichiometry allows calculation of limiting

reactants and theoretical yields of chemical
reactions.
What is stoichiometry?
Stoichiometry: the chemistry term for the ratio relationships between
reactants and products
• From the Greek: ‘stoicheion’ (element) and ‘metron’ (measure)

2 graham crackers + 2 chocolate bars + 1

marshmallow  1 s’more
Camping with 6 friends and want 2 s’mores each?
• Need to make a dozen s’mores. What do you need to bring?
• Use the balanced chemical equation to make stoichiometric conversion
factors.
12 s’mores 2 graham crackers = 24 graham crackers
1 s’more
12 s’mores 2 chocolate bars = 24 chocolate bars
1 s’more
12 s’mores 1 marshmallow = 12 marshmallows
1 s’more
Chemistry OpenStax
review how this applies to balanced equations
Hexane (C2H6) can be combusted in oxygen gas.
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 +
6H2O
What are the units of a balanced chemical equation?
(a) How many molecules of each compound are there in the balanced
equation?
(b) How many of moles of each compound are there in the balanced
equation?
compoun molecules moles
d
C2H6 2 2
O2 7 7
CO2 4 4
H2O 6 6
Chemistry OpenStax
e stoichiometry of chemical equations
The Haber-Bosch reaction is used to make ammonia from hydrogen and
nitrogen gas: e sis
n th n
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) sy
c tio
re a
Use the balanced chemical equation to make all possible
stoichiometric conversion factors.
1 mole 1 mole N2 3 mole H2
N2
3 moles 2 moles 2 moles
H2many molesNH3
How NH3gas would be needed to make 100
of each diatomic
moles of ammonia?
1oo moles NH3 1 mole N2 = 50 moles N2
2 moles NH3
1oo moles NH3 3 mole H2 = 150 moles
H2
Chemistry OpenStax
So, try this
How many moles of I2 are required to react with 0.429
mole of Al? 2Al(s) + 3I2(s)  2AlI3(s)

e sis
0.429 mol Al 3 mol = 0.644 mol I2 y n th n
s
ac tio
2 I2
mol re
Al

Al (s) + I2(s) Heat caused by the reaction

turns some I2 into purple I2 gas.
Chemistry OpenStax
hiometry: the center of any complete mole map
A mole map can help make use of this new stoichiometric conversion
factor.
(1)To
(2) Torelate
relatethe
theamount
amountofofreactant (A) to product
two reactants (B).
(A and B) or products to
one another.
1 2A  5B mol mol
5 mol B 2 mol A es es
2 mol A 5 mol B A B
Stoichiomet
2 2A + 3B  4C
ric ratio of
+ 5D
3 mol B 4 mol C 5 mol D A:B
2 mol A 3 mol B 4 mol C
 Which conversion factors aren’t shown here?
2 mol A 3 mol B 4 mol C
3 mol B 4 mol C 5 mol D
Chemistry OpenStax
9.1: Can you?
(1) Understand that stoichiometry is something we use in everyday life?

(2) Understand that the units of stoichiometric coefficients are both

molecules and moles?

(3) Create a series of molar conversion factors from a balanced chemical

equation?

(4) Use stoichiometric conversion factors to convert moles of one

reactant to moles of another reactant or moles of reactant to moles
of product?
9.1: Assignments

Canvas: Quick review questions quiz 9.1

Canvas: HW set 9, problems 1 - 4

Optional extras – great videos on this topic:

• ‘Stoichiometry’ (Bozeman Science)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQq203gyftA
• 'Mole ratio practice problems' (DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6UQX7ZdkTg
dule 8: Introduction to chemical reactions

9.2: Mass-to-mole and mass-to-mass

conversions
• Perform stoichiometric calculations involving mass
and moles

OpenStax Chemistry 2/e p.365 - 3

Module 9. Stoichiometry

Big ideas?

1. Stoichiometry is the ratio at which chemicals

react in order to obey the law of conservation
of mass.

2. Stoichiometry allows calculation of limiting

reactants and theoretical yields of chemical
reactions.
ding mass-to-mole conversions
To build a complete mole map we place the stoichiometric mole-t0-
mole conversion in the center and then build out using conversion
factors we’re more familiar with, like formula or molecular weight
(MW, g/mol)
mass mol mol mass
(g) es es (g)
A A B B
MW A Stoichiomet MW B
(g/ ric ratio of (g/
mol) A:B mol)

This allows us to start with mass of reactants and calculate mass of

product (the yield) that can be made with that reactant: classic
stoichiometry!
Chemistry OpenStax
ng the expanded mass-to-mole map
What mass of sodium hydroxide is required to produce 16 g of milk of
magnesia, Mg(OH)2?
MgCl2(aq) + 2Na(OH)(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq) e
ng
ha dis)
e x c
u b le n
(do eactio
Strategy: mass P  moles P  moles R  r
mass R MW of R MW of
P coefficients R
P
Mg(OH)2 = 58.30 g/mol Na(OH) = 40.00 g/mol

16 g Mg(OH)21 mol Mg(OH)2

2 mol Na(OH) 40.00 g = 22 g Na(OH)
g
58.30 1 mol Mg(OH)2 1 mol Na(OH)

Chemistry OpenStax
Try this
What mass of oxygen gas is consumed when 702 g of octane are 20
combusted?
2C8H18 + 25o2  16CO2 + 18H2O

i on
Strategy: octane (g)  octane (mol)  O2 (mol)  ust
mb on
O2 (g) co acti
C8H18 = 25 mol O2 O2 = re
114.23 2 mol 31.99
g/mol C8H18 g/mol

702 g C8H181 mol 2 mol O2 31.98 = 2.46 E3 g

O2 C8H18
114.23
g 52 mol C8H18 g mol
1
O2

Chemistry OpenStax
9.2: Can you?
(1) Draw a mole-map that explains the use of these conversion factors?
• atomic or molar mass (MW)
• stoichiometric ratios

(2) Use that mole-map to solve quantitative problems relating mass or

moles of one reactant or product to mass or moles of any other
reactant or product?
9.2: Assignments

Canvas: Quick review questions quiz 9.2

Canvas: HW set 9, problems 5 - 7

Optional extras – great videos on this topic:

• ‘Stoichiometry’ (Bozeman Science)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQq203gyftA
• 'Mole ratio practice problems' (DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6UQX7ZdkTg
Module 9: Stoichiometry

9.3: Molarity and solution stoichiometry

• Perform stoichiometric calculations involving
moles, volumes, and and solution molarity

OpenStax Chemistry 2/e p.373 - 3

Module 9. Stoichiometry

Big ideas?

1. Stoichiometry is the ratio at which chemicals

react in order to obey the law of conservation
of mass.

2. Stoichiometry allows calculation of limiting

reactants and theoretical yields of chemical
reactions.
oichiometry of solution chemistry...
…requires us to add molarity (M or mole / 1 L) as another conversion
factor.
volum
e
(L)
M
(mol/ atom
1L) s
formula
mass subscri
moles
(g) pts

Avogadr molecul
atomic or
o’s es
formula
6.02 E23
mass
(____/
Chemistry OpenStax (g/mol)
olution stoichiometry
As an example, lead (II) nitrate and sodium chloride react to form
sodium nitrate and the insoluble compound, lead(II) chloride. e
a n g
)
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) → PbCl2 (ppt) + 2NaNO3e(aq) xch le dis
o ub ion
If 0.123 L of a 1.00 M solution of NaCl is with a 1.50 M solution of(d react
Pb(NO3)2,
what volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution needed to completely precipitate
the Pb?
Strategy: calculate moles NaCl  moles Pb(NO3)2  volume
Pb(NO3)2 M and
coefficient Since M is a
M
L s conversion factor,
0.123L, 1: 1.50
start with L.
1.00 M 2 M
0.123 L 1.00 mole NaCl 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1L = 0.041
L
Chemistry OpenStax
1L 2 mol NaCl 1.50 mol Pb(NO3)2
Try this
What volume (in L) of 0.500 M sodium sulfate will react with 275 mL of
0.250 M barium chloride to completely precipitate all Ba +2 in the n g e
c h a is)
solution?
*** Whenever stoichiometry is involved always start with a e x d
u b le n
balanced (do eactio
r
chemical equation.

Na2(SO4) (aq) + BaCl2 (aq)  2NaCl (aq) +

Ba(SO4)
0.500 M (ppt) 0.250 M
XL 0.275 L When you don’t know
what to do, go to
mol mol moles!

0.275 L 0.250 mole BaCl2 1 mol Na2(SO4) 1L =

0.138 L
1L 1 mol BaCl2 0.500 mol
Chemistry OpenStax
Na2(SO4)
9.3: Can you?
(1)Understand that molarity allows us to solve stoichiometry problems
involving solutions?

(2) Use stoichiometric conversion and molarity to perform calculations?

9.3: Assignments
Canvas: Quick review questions quiz 9.3

Canvas: HW set 9, problems 8 - 10

Optional extras – great videos on this topic

• ‘Molarity practice problems’ (Tyler DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXf9rDnVFao
• ‘Molarity practice problems (part 2)’ (Tyler DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWfn8hbXRp8
Module 9: Stoichiometry

9.4: Limiting reactants and theoretical yield

• Explain the concepts of theoretical yield and limiting
reactants/reagents
• Derive the theoretical yield for a reaction under
specified conditions
• Calculate the percent yield for a reaction

OpenStax Chemistry 2/e p.368 - 3

Module 9. Stoichiometry

Big ideas?

1. Stoichiometry is the ratio at which chemicals

react in order to obey the law of conservation
of mass.

2. Stoichiometry allows calculation of limiting

reactants and theoretical yields of chemical
reactions.
iting reactant and theoretical yield concept
Limiting reactant: a reactant that is completely consumed by a
reaction and dictates the amount of product produced
Excess reactant: a reactant that is not entirely consumed by a
reaction; some excess reactant remains after the reaction occurs
Theoretical yield: the amount of product that can be made given the
amount of limiting reactant available; dependent on l.r.
e sis
2 breads + 1 cheese  1 grilled cheese nt h
sy ction
sandwich 2B + C  rea
B2C

Chemistry OpenStax
iting reactant and theoretical yield concept
Limiting reactant: a reactant that is completely consumed by a
reaction and dictates the amount of product produced
Excess reactant: a reactant that is not entirely consumed by a
reaction; some excess reactant remains after the reaction occurs
Theoretical yield: the amount of product that can be made given the
amount of limiting reactant available; dependent on l.r.
2 breads + 1 cheese  1 grilled cheese
sandwich 2B + C 
B2C

Chemistry OpenStax
dicting yields from limiting reactants
What mass of HCl can be produced when 3.0 moles of H2 are
i s &
reacted with 2.0 moles of Cl2? e s
nt h x
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g) s y do
r e on
^ ^ ct i
rea

Strategy: 1. Calculate yields of HCl from each reactant (as if they are
competing).
2. The lower yield is theoretical and indicates the limiting
reactant.
3 mol H2 2 mol HCl 36.46 g = 218.76  220 g HCl
1 mol H2 1 mol HCl

2 mol Cl2 2 mol HCl 36.46 g =

145.84  150 g HCl
limiting reactant 1 mol Cl2 1 mol HCltheoretical yield
Chemistry OpenStax
dicting yields from limiting reactants: visual
What mass of HCl can be made when 6.0 moles of H2 are reacted with 4.0
moles of Cl2?
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)

Since H2 is left in the

products, Cl2 was the
Chemistry OpenStax limiting reactant.
Try this
Silicon nitride is a hard, high-temperature-resistant ceramic used to
he s
make turbines for jet engines. It’s made from Si and N2: n t
s y &
3Si(s) + 2N2(g)  Si3N4(s) i s
o x
d
re tion
How many grams of ceramic are made when 2.00 g of Si are reacted e a c
r
with 1.50 g of N2?
limiting reactant theoretical yield

2.00 g Si 1 mol Si 1 mol Si3N4 140.31 g =

3.33 g Si3N4
28.09 g 3 mol Si 1 mol Si3N4
1.50 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol Si3N4 140.31 g = 3.76 g
Si3N4
28.02 g 2 mol Si 1 mol Si3N4
Chemistry OpenStax
One more
How many g of water are made when 5.00 g of H2 reacts with 10.0 g of
O2: h e s
yn t
s
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) is & x
e do
r ti on
e a c
r
5.00 g H2 1 mol H2 2 mol H2O 18.01 g = 44.6 g
H2O
2.02 g 2 mol H2 1 mol H2O

10.0 g O2 1 mol O2 2 mol H2O 18.01 g = 11.3 g H2O

31.98 g 1 mol O2 1 mol H2O
limiting reactant theoretical yield

Chemistry OpenStax
alculating percent yield
Percent yield: a reaction’s actual yield expressed as a percent of its
theoretical yield
• Percent yield is expected to be less than 100%.
% yield = actual yield (100)
theoretical yield
When 1.274 g of copper sulfate is reacted with excess Zn metal, 0.392 g
of copper metal is produced. What’s the percent yield?
Cu(SO4)(aq) + Zn(s)  Cu(s) + Zn(SO4)(aq)

1.274 g 1 mol Cu(SO4) 1 mol Cu 63.55 g

= 0.5074 g Cu
159.57 g 1 mol Cu(SO4) 1 mol Cu
0.392 g (100) =
77.26% yield
Chemistry OpenStax 0.5074 g
Try this
What is the percent yield of a reaction that produces 12.5 g of Freon
gas (CF2Cl2) from 32.9 g of CCl4 and excess HF?
CCl4 + 2HF  CF2Cl2 + 2HCl

32.9 g CCl4 1 mol CCl4 1 mol CF2Cl2 120.91 g = 25.9 g

CF2Cl2
153.81 g 1 mol CCl4 1 mol CF2Cl2

12.5 g (100) = 48.26%

yield
25.9 g

Chemistry OpenStax
9.4: Can you?
(1)Define the terms limiting and excess reactants, theoretical yield and
percent yield?

(2) Use stoichiometric conversion to determine which reactant is

limiting?

(3) Use stoichiometric conversion to calculate theoretical yield?

(4) Calculate percent yield if actual yield is provided?

9.4: Assignments
Canvas: Quick review questions quiz 9.4

Canvas: HW set 9, problems 11 - 13

Optional extras – great videos on this topic

• 'Limiting reactants and percent yield' (Bozeman)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LicEaaXhlEY
• 'Limiting reactant practice problem' (DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mlu_v8rE1TY
• 'Limiting reactant practice problem (advanced)' (DeWitt)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0dTXcoHI-I
• 'Reactants, products and leftovers' (PhET interactive)
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/reactants-products-and-leftover
s/latest/reactants-products-and-leftovers_en.html