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CH126P Lecture 1. Introduction

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CH126P Lecture 1. Introduction

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Spry Cylinder
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
• Thermodynamics is the study of
transferring energy.
 Obtaining energy, transferring energy, and
applying energy.
Course Specific Outcomes
Drivers for changing the way we use energy
Energy demands
Energy Production World
Energy Consumption World
Energy Supply Projections for
2040
Power Generation by Source in the Philippines,
1991–2016

TWh = terawatt-hour.
Source: Government of the Philippines, Department of Energy.
Generation in the Main Philippine Grids, 2016

TWh = terawatt-hour, WESM = Wholesale Electricity Spot Market.


Source: Government of the Philippines, Department of Energy. 2017. 2016 Power Statistics—Gross Power
Generation by Plant Type. https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/fi
les/pdf/energy_statistics/bgross_power_generation_by_plant_2016.pdf.
Units of P and E
Prefixes
The Units of Energy and Power and the Sectors of Energy Supply and
Demand
When your cell phone charger is plugged into an outlet and
not charging your phone, the charger still draws current
(~0.01 amp); which means your charger still uses power
(~1.2 W) even when it is not charging your cell phone.
There are 6 billion cell phones in the world. If everyone
leaves their charger connected to an outlet, how much
power (in GW) is being wasted?

7.2 GW
5 GW
6 GW
None of the choices
Population vs Energy needs
CHANGE OF STATE (Transformations)

– Example:
3 H2 (g, 5 bar, 100oC)  3 H2 (g, 1 bar, 50oC)
initial state final state
PATH: sequence of intermediate states

i
5

P, bar f

T, oC
50
100
Thermodynamic Processes
PROCESS: describes the path
• REVERSIBLE
• Always in equilibrium
• IRREVERERSIBLE
• Defines direction of time
• ADIABATIC
• No heat transfer across boundary
• ISOBARIC – constant pressure
• ISOTHERMAL – constant temperature
• ISOCHORIC – constant volume
• Isentropic ?? Isenthalpic ??
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

A + B A B A B

HOT Cold Heat flows Warm

• When a hot object is placed in contact with a


cold object, heat flows from the warmer to the
cooler object. This continues until they are in
thermal equilibrium (heat flow stops). At this
point, the bodies are said to be in the thermal
equilibrium (same ‘temperature’).
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• If A and B are in thermal equilibrium and B


and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A
and C are in thermal equilibrium.

• Consequence of zeroth law:


– B acts like a thermometer
– A, B, and C are all at the same temperature
Operational definition of TEMPERATURE

• Need:
– Substance
– Property that depends on T
– Reference points
– Interpolation scheme between reference
points
• Example: Ideal Gas Thermometer with the
Celsius scale
The Ideal Gas Thermometer with Celsius scale

Based on Boyle’s Law:


lim Pv T  f (T )
P 0

The substance is a gas.


The property is f(T).
The boiling point (TB = 100oC) and freezing
point (TF = 0oC) of water are reference
points.
The interpolation is linear (see next slide).
lim Pv T  f (T ) Experimental result:
P 0

A = 0.0036609
= 1/273.15

Note:
T = -273.15oC is
called the absolute
zero.

f (T )  f (0o C )(1  AT )

-273.15oC 0oC 100oC


Absolute T Scale
• This suggests a new temperature scale
(KELVIN)
T (K) = T (oC) + 273.15
• Better reference points for the KELVIN
scale are T = 0 K (absolute zero) and TTP =
273.16 K (triple point of water)
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
• If we have a system containing a pure
substance, its thermodynamic state and,
therefore, all its intensive properties can
be determined from two independent
intensive properties. (Recall: Gibbs Phase Rule)
Example: v = v(T,P)
V = V(T,P); (specify the size)
Phase
• Constraining single-component systems
with more than 1 phase
– For a 2-phase system, F = 2 + 1 – 2 = 1
– T and P are equal in both phases; however,
most other properties are different between
phases.
The case of WATER

• The P (and T) in each phase of a 2-phase


system is equal;
 hence, if we know P (or T), we know
values of all the other intensive properties
in both phases.
• To constrain the system, the proportion of
matter in each phase must be known.
• A second independent intensive property
that is related to the mass fraction in each
phase is required.
QUALITY (x): fraction of water that is vapor

nv
x
nv  nl
Any intensive property can be found by
proportioning its value in each phase by the
fraction of the system that the phase occupies.
Example:
v  xvv  (1  x)vl
u  xuv  (1  x)ul
Thermo property Charts
• PvT surface and its projections for pure
substance
• Thermodynamic properties charts and
tables
– Water
• Steam tables
• T-s diagram, P-h diagram, Mollier diagram (h-s
plot)
– Other fluids
Exercises

Steam Properties Table


1
Determine the volume change when 1 kg of
saturated water is completely vaporized
at a pressure of
a) 1 kPa
b) 100 kPa
c) 10,000 kPa
2
Four kg of water is placed in an enclosed
volume of 1 m3. Heat is added until the
temperature is 150oC. Find
a) the pressure,
b) the mass of vapor, and
c) the volume of the vapor.
3
Four kg of water is heated at a pressure of
220 kPa to produce a mixture with quality
x = 0.80. Determine the final volume
occupied by the mixture.
4
Water (0.91 kg) is contained in a constant-
pressure container held at 36.73 atm.
Heat is added until the temperature
reaches 370oC. Determine the final
volume of the container.
5
Using the steam tables, plot to scale P-v, P-
T and T-v diagrams.
6
If the quality of each of the following
substance is 82%, calculate the specific
volume:
a) Water at 500 psia and
b) HFC-134a at 80 psia
7
Five kg of steam occupies a volume of 10
m3. Find the quality and pressure if the
temperature is measured at
a) 40oC
b) 86oC
8
Provide the missing information for air at an
elevation where g = 9.82 m/s2.

P, kPa T, oC v, , w,
m3/kg kg/m3 N/m3
(a) 100 20

(b) 400 20
9
Nitrogen is contained in a 4-m3 rigid vessel
at a pressure of 4200 kPa. Determine
the mass if the temperature is
a) 30oC
b) -120oC
10
Steam at 300oC has a density of 7 kg/m3.
Find the pressure using
a) the ideal gas equation,
b) the van der Waals equation,
c) the compressibility factor,
d) the steam tables, and
e) Mollier diagram
Properties of
Saturated Steam

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