Epanded Program of Immunization
Epanded Program of Immunization
Immunization
Dr: Ali M. Bakheit
Intended learning outcomes
By the end of this lecture you should be
able to:
- Define immunization and vaccination
- Know the meaning of EPI and their objectives.
- Define Strategies for delivery of vaccines and
the difference between them.
- Contraindications of vaccines
- Precaution and side effects of vaccination
- Vaccination schedules in SUDAN
- What are the cold chain?
Definition of
Immunization
1- a process that increases an organism's
reaction to an antigen, thereby improving
the organism's ability to resist or
overcome infection.
2- Passive immunization:
- administration of sensitized lymphoid cells
or serum from immune individuals to
previously non immune individuals.
What is
vaccine?
Vaccines: are microbial agents or
antigen products that stimulate the
immune response)
Inactivated Vaccines
Live, Attenuated Vaccines
Toxoids
Types of Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines :
Produced by killing the microorganism
with chemicals or heat
Toxoids
A toxoid is an inactivated toxin
produced by a microbe
The Expanded Program Of Immunization
(EPI)
“Expanded” means:
Expanding the number of diseases to be
covered.
Expanding the number of children and target
population to be covered.
Expanding coverage to all corners of the country
and spreading services to reach the less
privileged sectors of the society.
Targets are:
Under 5-years children.
Women in the child bearing age (15-45 years).
Objectives of the EPI
To reduce the morbidity and mortality of
the major childhood diseases.
To achieve 100% coverage for eligible
children by an ongoing integrated program
To deliver an integrated immunization
services through health centers, as
primary health care service package
To develop a surveillance system which
collect adequate information on the
diseases preventable by immunization
To minimize the efforts and cost of
treatment
To promote a new healthy generation
1- The static immunization strategy.
The strategies for vaccine delivery
1-Available resources.
2- Cold Chain maintenance.
3- Save ,time, effort and money.
2- The National
Immunization Days
(NIDs):
Limitations:
(i) Expensive
Logistical problems.
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
BCG:
- Local: Skin ulceration, regional lymphadenitis.
SC abscess.
- Generalized: Anaphylaxis,generalized BCG
infection.
HBV: Pain, Arthralgia.
Hib: Local pain and erythema, Mild
fever
HAV: Local reactions, fever,
anaphylaxis.
Precautions
1- The only live attenuated vaccine given to
HIV child is measles.
2- Cold Box
3- Vaccine
carriers
Hepatitis A