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Test 2 Revision

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Test 2 Revision

Uploaded by

Bahnu Kanapathi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Test 2 revision

Landforms created by waves


1- created by erosion:
- Headlands and bays
- Wave-cut platform
- Cave, arch, stack and stump
2- created by deposition:
- Beach
- Spit
- Salt marsh
Landforms created by erosion
Landforms of erosion

H
E
A
D
L
A
N
D
S

A
N
D

B
A
Y
S
Headlands and Bays in Peyia (Cyprus)
Wave-cut platforms
Along the coast between Peyia and Akamas
Cave, arch, stack and stump
Along the coast between Peyia and Akamas
Question 2 page 11

Arch

Stump
Wave-cut notch
2b:
• The waves erode cracks in the cliff at a
headland.
• The cracks grow larger and form a cave.
• The cave gets eroded all the way through. It
turns into an arch.
2d:
It will get completely eroded away.
Landforms of deposition: Beaches
Shingle beach at Sandy beach near
Latchi (near Polis) Apostolos Andreas
monastery, Karpasia

Sand and pebbles deposited in sheltered


areas such as bays form a beach.
Spits and salt marshes
The land changes direction.
Land
Direction
of
longshore
drift

Salt marsh

Wave direction The end of


the spit is
curved by
waves.
On the land side, silt and mud are deposited and salt marshes
form.
ANSWER
• Worksheet 2
• Questions 1 to 4 page 55
Question 1 page 55
Created by
Landform
Headland
Erosion
Wave-cut platform
Erosion
Bay
Erosion
Cave
Erosion
Arch
Erosion
Stack
Erosion
Stump
Erosion
Beach
Deposition
Spit
Deposition
Salt marsh
Deposition
Question 3: Spit at Dawlish Warren in
Devon
Question 3
Question 4 page 19
Answer question 4
How can we stop coastal erosion?
Erosion wears away the coast and may cause big
problems to people who live along the coast.
Erosion may destroy beaches and cliffs.
In Cyprus:
If the coast was eroded by waves, what would
disappear?
1- Larnaca airport
2-
3-
6 ways to stop or reduce wave erosion

Sea walls Rock armour


You could try wooden
revetments. The waves
batter them, instead of
the cliffs.
Activity 1 page 65

a) The sea walls are meant to keep the sea out. They are
often curved, to reflect the waves away.
b) The artificial reef does. It is an artificial barrier of rocks out
at sea, so that the waves break earlier, away from the
beach.
c) Beach nourishment (replenishment), groynes and wooden
revetments are more likely to be damaged.
d) The beach nourishment. Sand and shingles can be very
easily washed away by waves, especially during storms.
Read pages 62-63 and answer the following questions:
1) Where is Happisburgh?
2) What problem did Happisburgh experience?
3) Name TWO ways the people used to stop it.
4) Identify (and explain) the reasons why the people of Happisburgh need to
continue spending in the future.

ANSWERS:
1) It is located in the southeast coast of England.
2) It suffered from coastal erosion that threatened people’s homes and lives.
3) They used groynes, revetments and rock armour (probably also barrier out
sea).
4) Some of the are too expensive anyways and there is not enough money to
complete them (government is not helping). Some of them were destroyed
in storms and some others because of the rise of sea level caused by global
warming. They therefore need to rebuilt them.
How long can Happisburgh hang on?
3. a) i. groynes; they prevent sand being carried away by longshore drift;
the sand in turn helps protect the cliffs against erosion, since it soaks up
some of the energy of the waves
ii. Revetments; they make the waves break early, reducing their
energy – so the waves won’t erode the cliffs so fast
b) Rock armour; again the waves batter against it and lose some of their
energy; and over time it also traps sand, which helps to soak up the energy of
the waves
Activity 2 page 63
a) The cliffs are made of easily-eroded materials:
sand and clay.
b) Rain soaks into the soft cliffs and weakens them.
The weaker they are, the more easily eroded they
are.
d) Gale force winds created exceptionally large
waves. The surge grew higher as it moved south,
so Happisburgh got the full force of the waves.
The soft cliffs could not stand up to the waves and
collapsed.
Exercise 4 page 63
a. Changes between 1996 and 2007 Happisburgh:
 Beach road got shorter
 Bryony’s house is right on the edge of the cliff.
 Several houses further inland disappeared/demolished
 A group of buildings that stood on the cliff edge have also gone
 The revetments appear to be in worse shape
 The groynes have disappeared.
 There is rock armour (placed in 2007 )
 The caravan park is much closer the sea
b. i. the barriers have not prevented erosion. Even where the revetments
appear undamaged, some land has gone (eg. At the caravan park).
However, they do appear to have slowed down erosion (wherever there are
no barriers /damaged barriers there is a big chunk of land lost!)
Activity 5 page 63
It is most likely that the church will be lost 7
years later (around 2021).
Defend or let go?
The defence dilemma
• Putting in and maintaining coastal defences is hugely expensive- and the
impact of global warming is likely to make costs escalate.
• Rather than spend billions in fighting a losing battle, the government's
strategy is now to go for sustainability: defend places only if the economic,
social and environmental benefits outweigh the costs.
• Under this strategy, Happisburgh will be allowed to slip into the sea.
• But the people who will lose homes and land to the sea want
compensation.
Sustainability
• When something can be carried on without
harming people’s quality of life, or the
economy, or the environment
Compensation
• Money you receive to make up for a loss or
harm you suffered

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