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Chemical Bonding Slides Final

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69 views13 pages

Chemical Bonding Slides Final

Uploaded by

bashir osman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ionic Bonding

Ions are charged particles when


atoms lose or gain electrons.

Lithium becomes Sodium also Calcium loses two


positive because it becomes positive electrons and
loses an electron. as it loses an therefore becomes
Li+ electron. Ca2+.
Na+
Chlorine gains an electron so Oxygen gains two atoms and so,
it becomes a negative becomes a negative oxide ion.
chloride ion. Cl- O2-
Ionic bonding in Sodium Chloride

Sodium has 11 electrons


and Chlorine has 17
electrons.

An electron from the


Sodium atom moves
to the Chlorine atom
so Sodium becomes
positive and Chlorine
becomes negative.
Magnesium Oxide, MgO

Calcium Chloride, CaCl2


Hydrogen Chloride

A covalent bond is formed between a hydrogen and a


chlorine atom to form, Hydrogen Chloride. After bonding,
the chlorine atom is now in contact with eight electrons in
its highest energy level - so it is stable. The hydrogen
atom is now in contact with two electrons in its highest
energy level - so the hydrogen is also stable.
How many bonds?
• Atoms may form multiple covalent bonds so they share more than one
pair of electrons.
• There is a quick way to work out how many covalent bonds an element
will form. The number of covalent bonds is equal to eight minus the
group number.
8 – group number = number of covalent bonds
Dot and Cross Diagrams
Dot-and-cross diagrams are another way to represent covalent bonds. The
shared electron from one atom is shown as a dot, while the shared electron
from the other atom is shown as a cross.

Covalent bonding between hydrogen atoms to form a molecule of hydrogen


gas (H2).
Dot and Cross diagrams – Elements

Hydrogen, H2

Chlorine, Cl2

Oxygen, O2
Dot and Cross diagrams - Compounds

Hydrogen
Chloride Water

Methane

Ammonia
Giant covalent structures
Many substances containing covalent bonds
consist of small molecules, however, some
have giant structures where huge numbers of
atoms are held together by a network of
covalent bonds. These are know as giant
covalent structures, or sometimes
macromolecules. Substances such as
diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide have
giant covalent structures.

Graphite Diamond Silica


Diamond
Diamond is exceptionally hard as the carbon
atoms each form four strong covalent bonds.
It does not conduct electricity.
Graphite
(well known for its use as pencil lead – layers allows
graphite to fall onto the paper)
In graphite carbon atoms are only bonded to three
other carbon atoms. They form hexagons which are
arranged in giant layers. There are no covalent bonds
between the layers, there are only relatively weak
intermolecular forces between the layers, so the layers
can slide over each other easily. This makes graphite a
soft material that feels slippery.
Carbon atoms have four electrons in the outer shell
available for bonding, this leaves one spare outer
electron on each carbon atom. This electron is free to
move along the layers of carbon atoms, we call these
delocalised electrons. This allows graphite to conduct
electricity.
Silica
It is found in sand and has a similar structure
to diamond. It is also hard and has a high
melting point, but contains silicon and oxygen
atoms, instead of carbon atoms.
The fact that it is a semi-conductor makes it
immensely useful in the electronics industry:
most transistors are made of silica.

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