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29 views

Mathsppt

Uploaded by

Tejaswini Phukan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation Report on the

Topic :GROUPS
Subject : Mathematics

Submitted By -

. Tejaswini Phukan, Roll no- 02, BCA 3rd Semester (batch 1)


&
. Gargi Priya Devi, Roll no- 07, BCA 3rd Semester (batch 1)
Introduction To Group
Theory

This report presents a comprehensive overview of


Groups which is a set combined with an operation.
Where, Set represents collection of similar objects like-
Set of clothes: {hat, shirt, jacket, pants, ...} . Operation
represents elements of a set, simply,
An operation combines members of a set like Binary
operations that are '+', '-' ,'*' etc.
Formal Defination of a Group?

• Definition: A group is a set G paired with a binary operation * that satisfies


the following properties:

1. Closure: For all a,b ∈ G , a ∗b ∈ G .

2. Associativity: For all a , b, c ∈ G , ( a ∗ b )* c = a ∗ ( b ∗ c ).

3. Identity Element: There exists an element e ∈ G such that for every a ∈


G, a ∗ e = e ∗ a = a .

4. Inverse Element: For each a ∈ G , there exists a^{-1} ∈ G such that a *


a^{-1} = a^{-1} * a = e.

• Example: The set of integers under addition (Z,+) forms a group.


Subgroups

• Definition: A subset H⊂GH \subset GH⊂G is called a subgroup if:

1.H is closed under the group operation.


2. H contains the identity element of G.
3. H contains the inverse of each of its elements.

• Example: The set of even integers under addition is a subgroup of (Z,+).


Abelian Groups

• Definition: A group G is Abelian (or commutative) if for all a , b ∈ G , a ∗ b = b


∗ a.

• Example: The set of real numbers under addition (R, +) is an Abelian group, as a +
b = b + a for any real numbers a and b.

• Non-Example: The set of 2x2 matrices under multiplication is not Abelian, as


matrix multiplication is not commutative.
Cyclic Groups

• Definition: A group G is cyclic if there exists an element g ∈ G such that every


element of G can be written as g^n, where 'n' is an integer. The element g is called
the generator of the group.

• Example: The group of integers under addition (Z,+) is cyclic, generated by 1,


since every integer can be written as a sum or difference of 1's.
Monoid

Definition: A monoid is a set M with an associative binary operation ∗ and an identity


element, but where not all elements necessarily have an inverse.

Properties of a Monoid:
1. Associativity
2. Identity element

Example: The set of natural numbers under addition ( N, + ) forms a monoid, as it


includes 0 as the identity, but no negative numbers (no inverses).
Applications of Group Theory

• Physics: In particular, group theory plays a central role in the fundamental


symmetry principles of physical systems and their geometrical shape (e.g., crystals
and those present in space or time).

• Computer Science: Group approaches have been used in computer science as


algorithms which help solve problems, for example usage of an algorithm which
finds the shortest way in a graph.

• Cryptography: The process of group theory with the aim of making the intellect of
secure encryption.

• Chemistry: Molecular symmetries and chemical reactions are studied using group
theory.
Conclusion

Studying and exploring these concepts, we gain


powerful tools to solve problems involving patterns,
transformations, and symmetries. Group theory not
only helps in theoretical mathematics but also finds
practical applications in technology, such as coding
theory and encryption, making it an essential topic for
modern mathematical study and beyond.

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