COTM 4192:

HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING II
Lecture note for Exit exam

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Chair, infrastructure Design &
Construction, EIABC
Lecture Content
1. Introduction of Road Pavement
2. Pavement materials &stabilization

3. Hot mix asphalt mix design

4. Structural Design of Flexible pavement

5. Pavement Failures and Maintenance

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROAD
PAVEMENT
1. Introduction to Road Pavement
Discussion points
 What is pavement?
 Layered structure to distribute vehicle load to the level
less than;-
 the Load bearing capacity of natural ground and
 the internal strengths of pavement layers.
 What are the requirements of a Pavement?
• Structurally strong
• Sufficient thickness
• Adequate coefficient of friction,
• Smooth surface
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• etc
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROAD
PAVEMENT

1.2 Types of Road Pavements

1. Flexible Pavement
2. Rigid Pavement
3. Composite pavement(Rare case)
What are the basis of pavement classification?
• Traffic load transmission.
Low flexural strength High Flexural strength
Lateral Load
distributio distribute
n on wider
area

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ROAD
PAVEMENT
• Types of Flexible pavements
1. Conventional Flexible Pavement
Asphalt Concrete Road,
Bituminous Surface Treatment,
Gravel Roads and
Earth roads

2. Full Depth Asphalt Pavement

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 Chapter 1: Introduction to Road Pavement

Elements of a conventional Flexible Pavement

AC

BC

High stress at
wheel contact
Road surface
SB

Pavement
CL
Formation
Reduced stress on natural ground level 6
Natural ground (Subgrade)
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
ROAD PAVEMENT
• Rigid pavement types: Types of Rigid pavement
jointed plain concrete pavement
(JPCP)
jointed reinforced concrete
pavement (JRCP)
continuous reinforced concrete
pavement (CRCP)
prestressed concrete pavement
(PCP)

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TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT

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 2. PAVEMENT MATERIALS
You are expected to understand
•Broad Categories of pavement materials
•Differentiate Characterization of pavement layer materials (See
standard specifications of ERA 2013 Manual)
 Subgrade
 Capping layer
 Subbase course
 Basecourse
 Binder course
 Wearing course
 Cement concrete
•Categorize list of construction materials as bounded and unbound
•Construction Quality controls of unbound layers (compaction and
strength tests)
•Differentiate the characterization of bounded and unbounded materials
•Bituminous materials
•Stabilized material
 2. PAVEMENT MATERIALS
• The main construction materials for Road Pavement includes:
1. Soil
2. Rock boulders
3. Crushed Natural Gravel and Weathered Rock
4. Crushed Rocks/ Aggregate
5. Bitumen; Cut Backs, Emulsion, Penetration Grade
6. Bituminous mixture
7. Concrete(refer construction materials course)
8. Stabilized materials
9. Reclaimed/ recycled materials
• In general, the above pavement materials can be classified as:
1. Unbound Pavement Materials and
2. Bounded Pavement Materials
 UNBOUND PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Physical Properties and Tests of Aggregates
•Some of the properties of Aggregates to be evaluated
includes:
1. Size and Gradation
2. Toughness/ hardness
3. Durability/Soundness/ Resistance to Weathering
4. Surface Texture
5. Particle Shape/ Flakiness
6. Absorption [Water, Asphalt]
7. Affinity for Asphalt
8. Specific Gravity
UNBOUND PAVEMENT MATERIALS
 List of unbound material characterization
 Maximum dry density test
 California bearing ration(CBR)
 Atterberg limit tests
 Shrinkage limit test
 Gradation
 Losangeles abrasion test
 Aggregate crushing value test
 Aggregate impact test
 Ten percent fine value test
 Durability and soundness test
 Specific gravity test
 Flakiness index
 Elongation test 12
 others
 QUALITY CONTROL TESTS
Compaction Tests
Laboratory Tests Field Tests
1. Standard Proctor Test
1. Destructive Methods
2. Modified Proctor Test
2.Non-Destructive Field
Density Test
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR)
TEST
Unit load for 2.54 mm penetratio n in test specimen
CBR  100
Unit load for 2.54 mm penetratio n in sandard crushed roack
2.2.BITUMINOUS BINDING
PAVEMENT MATERIALS

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 2.2.BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT
MATERIALS
• You are expected to address:-
 Types of bituminous binding materials
 Straight run asphalt (Asphalt cement)
 Liquid Asphalt (Cutback and emulsion)
 Characterization of bitumen materials
 Grading of asphalt cement
 Grading of cutback asphalt
 Grading of emulsion asphalt
 Functions of different grades of asphalt
 Causes of asphalt aging

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PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESS

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 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT MATERIALS

Characterization of Asphalt Cement

Asphalt Physical Tests
Consistenc Durability Purity Safety Other
y Tests Tests Tests Tests Tests
1 Viscosity Test Thin film Oven Solubility Flash Point Specific
[Absolute & Test [TFO] Test [Cleveland Gravity
Kinematic] Open Cup
Test]
2 Penetration Spot Test
3 Softening Rolling Thin
Point [Ring Film Oven
and Ball Test] Test [RTFO]
4 Ductility Test
Temperature Condition represented
25 oC Average Pavement Temperature
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60 oC Maximum Pavement Temperature
135 oC Mixing, Pumping, Spraying, etc Temp.
 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Main causes of aging
•The main causes of asphalt aging are:
 Oxidation
 Volatilization
 Polymerization
 Thixotropy
 Syneresis
 Separation
•Classify the above as short term and long term aging

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 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT MATERIALS

• Asphalt Cement Grading

The three basic asphalt grading system:
• Penetration Grading
 40-50 ; 60 -70 ; 85 -100 ; 120 – 150 and 200 –

300
• Viscosity Grading

• Performance Grading

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 2-2: BITUMINOUS BINDING PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Liquid Bitumen
•The two forms of liquid bitumen's are:
1.Bitumen Emulsions:
 Cationic emulsion(Slow setting(CSS), medium setting(CMS) and Rapid
setting(CRS))
 Anionic emulsion(Slow setting(SS), medium setting(MS) and Rapid
setting(RS))
2.Cutback Bitumen:(Slow curing(SC), medium curing(MC), Rapid
Curing(RC))
•Application: pavement repairs, subgrade stabilization,
bituminous surface treatments (BSTs), slurry seals, tack coats, prime
coats, fog seals, etc.

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 2.3: STABILIZED PAVEMENT MATERIALS
 Why stabilization is required?
 Purposes of stabilization
 Methods of stabilization?
 Mechanical stabilization
 Chemical stabilization(Lime, bitumen, cement)
 Characterization of stabilization?
 Mechanical stabilization (The same as unbound pavement
material)
 Chemical stabilization(Strength tests)
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
CBR

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 CHAPTER 3: HMA MIXTURE
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
You are expected to address:

11/04/24
Components of HMA
Procedures of HMA design(Laboratory procedure)
Objectives of HMA design
Laboratory tests of HMA
Specific gravity of aggregates
Parameters of HMA design
HMA mix design methods

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CHAPTER 3: HMA MIXTURE PROPERTIES& DESIGN
 Hot Mix Asphalt components (HMA)
 Asphalt Cement(Chapter 2.2)
 Aggregate(Chapter 2.1)

11/04/24
 Air Voids
 Objectives of HMA Mixture design
 Deformation resistance (stability)
 Resistance to Fatigue cracking
 Low temperature cracking
 Durability
 Moisture damage resistance
 Skid resistance
 Workability
 Mix design process
 Volumetric process
 Conversion of weight to volume is required
(How???)
 Through specific gravities 24
CHAPTER 3: HMA MIXTURE PROPERTIES& DESIGN

11/04/24
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GRAPHS OF MIX DESIGN

11/04/24
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 4.0. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
You are expected to address;-
What are the basic parameters of structural

design of pavements??
 AASHTO

 ERA

Characterization and measurement of

parameters.
Types of pavement design

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 4.0. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
 Basic parameters
1. Sub Grade strength
2. Traffic Load
3. Environment
4. Reliability
5. Serviceability
6. Material quality
7. Drainage coefficient
8. Layer coefficient
9. Design period
o Subgrade Characterization
 California Bearing Ratio [CBR]
 Uniform section determination

 Design subgrade determination(90th percentile)

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1. Resilient Modules [MR]

4.0. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

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5. PAVEMENT FAILURE AND
MAINTENANCE
You are expected to address:
Factors for pavement performance

 Traffic Volumeand Load

 Moisture or Water
 Subgrade Soil
 Construction Quality
 Maintenance
Flexible pavement distress identification

Distress Type and Description

Possible causes of failures

Pavement condition survey

Severity and extent of pavement failures

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Pavement maintenance types
5. PAVEMENT FAILURE AND
MAINTENANCE
You are expected to address:
Flexible pavement distress identification

 Deformation

 Cracking

 Surface defects

 Disintegration

 Edge defects

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FAILURE
IDENTIFICATION
Pavement Types Paveme Types
Failure nt
Failure
Deformatio Corrugations Disintegr Stripping
n Depressions ation Pothole

Ch-5
Rutting Patching
Shoving Edge Defects
Cracks Crocodile cracks
Longitudinal cracks
Transverse cracks
Block cracks
Surface Delamination
defects Flushing
Polishing
Raveling
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PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY

 Functional Evaluation (Measurement and Visual

condition survey)
 Severity rate
 Extent rate
 PCI methods of rating
 Structural Evaluation(Measurements)
 Deflection Measurements(Benkelman or Falling
weight deflectometer)
 core cutting,
 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)
 test pit excavations
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DETAILED CONDITION SURVEY
PROCESS
Desk Study

Initial Assessment of Pavement Condition

Evaluation

Functional
Pavement
Condition

Establish Homogenous sections Initially Carryout

Assessment

Detailed Condition Survey

Determine Homogenous Section based on

cumulative sum method

Structural Survey based on Detailed condition

survey
Evaluation

Pavement
Structural
Condition

Re-Assess Demarcation of Homogenous 34

sections based on structural survey
MAINTENANCE TYPES
 routine maintenance,
 recurrent maintenance,
 periodic maintenance,
 urgent maintenance,

Ch-5
 Heavy maintenance

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REFERENCES OF LECTURES NOTES
 ERA Flexible pavement Design Manual(2013)
 Asphalt institute(MS-II) Manual series(2007)

 ERA Standard Technical Specification 2013

 ERA Pavement Rehabilitation and Asphalt

Overlay Design Manual, 2013

 Distress identification manual for the long-term

pavement performance program (2003)

 Lecture Notes

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