GENERAL

PHYSICS 1
MODULE 6: WORK, MR LAWRENCE
ANDREW F
ENERGY AND POWER FRONDA
Wor
• The work, W, done by a constant force on an
k
object is defined as the product of the
component of the force along the direction of
displacement and the magnitude of the
displacement

W  (F cos )
 (Fcos θ ) is the component
of the force in the
direction of the
displacement
Δx is the displacement
Wor
k• Note: work is zero when
• there is no displacement
• force and displacement are perpendicular
to each other, as cos 90° = 0
W = (F cos )x
(different from everyday “definition” of
work)
More About
Work
• Scalar quantity

Units of Work
SI joule (J=N m)
CGS erg (erg=dyne cm)
US Customary foot-pound (foot-pound=ft lb)

• If there are multiple forces acting on an object, the total

work done is the algebraic sum of the amount of work
done by each force
 More About
•Work
Work can be positive or negative
• Positive if the force and the displacement are in the
same direction
• Negative if the force and the displacement are in the
opposite direction
• Example 1: lifting a cement block…
 Work done by the person:
 is positive when lifting the box
 is negative when lowering the box

Example 2: … then moving it horizontally

 Work done by gravity:
 is negative when lifting the box
 is positive when lowering the box
 is zero when moving it horizontally

Total work :W  W1 W2 W3  mgh  mgh  0 

0
Sample Problem
Joshua is carrying a 5.0 kg rucksack bag while mounting a cliff after 33
min, is 9.0 m above the starting point. (a) How much work does he
exerts on the rucksack bag? (b) If he weighs 700 N, how much work
does he exert lifting himself and the rucksack bag?

Solution (a) Solution (b)

𝑾 ¿ 𝑭∆ 𝒙 𝑾 ¿ 𝑭∆ 𝒙+¿441 𝐽
¿(𝑚𝑔)∆ 𝑥 ¿¿700 𝑁 𝑥9.0 𝑚) +¿441 𝐽
¿¿ 9𝑥.8 𝑚 / 𝑠 𝑥¿9.0 𝑚2 𝑾¿ 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝑱
𝑾¿ 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝑱
Sample Problem
A 9 kg block is pushed 5.40 m along a frictionless horizontal table by a
constant 25.0-N force directed 30.0° below the horizontal. Determine the
work done on the block by (a) the applied force, (b) the normal force
exerted by the table, and (c) the gravitational force. (d) Determine the
total work done on the block.

Solution (a) Solution (d)

𝑾 ¿ 𝑭𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∆ 𝒙
𝑊𝑇 ¿ 𝑊 𝐹 +¿𝑊 +¿𝑊 𝐹
𝐹𝑛
¿116.91 𝐽 +¿ 0 +¿0
𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑔

¿¿ 𝑥cos 30 °¿𝑥5.40𝑚 𝑊𝑇 ¿ 𝟏𝟏𝟔.𝟗𝟏𝑱

𝑾¿ 𝟏𝟏𝟔.𝟗𝟏𝑱
Solution (b) and (c)
𝑾 𝑭 =𝑊 𝐹 ¿
𝒏
𝟎𝑱 𝑔
Sample Problem
Ms. De Torres carries a 215 N luggage up the stairs, a displacement of
4.20 m vertically, and 4.55 m horizontally. (a) How much work does she
exert? (b) What if she will carry the luggage back down the same set of
stairs, how much work will she exert?

Solution (a) Solution (b)

𝑾 ¿ 𝑭∆ 𝒙 𝑾 ¿ 𝑭𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∆ 𝒙
¿215 𝑁 𝑥4.20𝑚 ¿¿ 𝑥cos 180° ¿𝑥4.20𝑚
𝑾¿ 𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝑱 𝑾¿ −𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝑱
Sample Problem
A 15.0 kg box full of in-kind donations for the victims of Taal eruption is
pulled 20 m up the sloping surface of a plane at an angle of 38 to the
horizontal, by an applied force of 150 N acting parallel to the plane.
The coefficient of friction between the box and plane is 0.25. What is
the work done (a) by the applied force? (b) by friction force (c) by
gravitational force and (d) What is the total work done on the box?

Solution (a)

𝑾 ¿ 𝑭𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ∆ 𝒙
¿¿ 𝑥cos 3 8° ¿𝑥20 𝑚
𝐹 𝑓𝑟 𝑾¿ 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟒.𝟎𝟑𝑱
Sample Problem
A 15.0 kg box full of in-kind donations for the victims of Taal eruption is
pulled 20 m up the sloping surface of a plane at an angle of 38 to the
horizontal, by an applied force of 150 N acting parallel to the plane.
The coefficient of friction between the box and plane is 0.25. What is
the work done (a) by the applied force? (b) by friction force (c) by
gravitational force and (d) What is the total work done on the box?

Solution (a)
𝑾𝑭
¿𝑭 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃∆ 𝒙 2
𝒇𝒓 𝒏
¿¿ 𝑥9.8 𝑚 / 𝑠𝑥cos 3 8 °𝑥) cos 180°𝑥20𝑚
𝑾 𝑭 ¿−𝟓𝟕𝟗.𝟏𝟗 𝑱
𝒇𝒓
 Sample Problem
A 15.0 kg box full of in-kind donations for the victims of Taal eruption is
pulled 20 m up the sloping surface of a plane at an angle of 38 to the
horizontal, by an applied force of 150 N acting parallel to the plane.
The coefficient of friction between the box and plane is 0.25. What is
the work done (a) by the applied force? (b) by friction force (c) by
gravitational force (d) by normal force and (e) What is the total work
done on the box?
Solution (c)
𝑾𝑭
¿𝑭 𝒈 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃∆ 𝒙
𝒈

¿¿ 𝑥9.8 𝑚 / 𝑠𝑥2¿+ )] 𝑥20𝑚

𝑾 𝑭¿ −𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟒 𝑱
𝒈

Solution (d)
𝑾 𝑭¿𝟎𝑱 𝒏
Sample Problem
A 15.0 kg box full of in-kind donations for the victims of Taal eruption is
pulled 20 m up the sloping surface of a plane at an angle of 38 to the
horizontal, by an applied force of 150 N acting parallel to the plane.
The coefficient of friction between the box and plane is 0.25. What is
the work done (a) by the applied force? (b) by friction force (c) by
gravitational force (d) by normal force and (e) What is the total work
done on the box?
Solution (e)
𝑊𝑇 ¿ 𝑊 𝐹 +¿𝑊 𝐹 +¿𝑊 𝐹+¿𝑊
𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑟 𝑔 𝐹𝑛

¿2364.03𝐽 +¿(−579.19 𝐽) +¿) +¿0 𝐽

𝑾𝑻 ¿-
TRY THIS:
1. A crate is moved across a frictionless floor by a
rope THAT is inclined 30 degrees above
horizontal. The tension in the rope is 50 N. How
much work is done in moving the crate 10
meters?
2. A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle
shown in the diagram. The block moves a
horizontal distance of 3.0 m. How much work is
done by the applied force?
Mechanical Energy
• the energy that is possessed by an object due to its
motion or due to its position.
• Two forms (a) kinetic energy and (b) potential energy
Kinetic
Energy
• Energy associated with the motion of an object
• Scalar quantity with the same units as work
• Work is related to kinetic energy
• Let F be a constant force:

Wnet  F cos  s  (max )s,

but : 2  v2
v 0
2 2
2 .
v  v0  2ax  s, or ax
Thus :  s 

1
KE  2
mv2
Work-Kinetic Energy
Theorem
• When work is done by a net force on an object
and the only change in the object is its speed,
the work done is equal to the change in the
object’s kinetic energy

• Wnet  KE f  KEi  KE

• Speed will increase if work is positive

• Speed will decrease if work is negative
Sample Problem
A 0.800-kg particle has a speed of 3.00 m/s at point A and kinetic
energy of 7. 5J at point B. What is (a) its kinetic energy at A? (b) its
speed at B? (c) the total work done on the particle as it moves from A
to B?
Solution (a) Solution (b)
1 1
𝐾𝐸 𝐴¿ 2
𝑚( 𝑣 𝐴 ¿2 𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿2𝑚( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿2
1
¿ (0.800 kg)
2 ¿ 2 ¿
𝐾𝐸 𝐵 𝑚
( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿
2

𝑲𝑬 ¿ 3
𝑚 𝑚
𝑨
2𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿ 2
𝑚
2𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿𝑣 𝐵
𝑚
2(7.5 𝐽) 𝑣 𝐵
¿
0.800 𝑘𝑔
¿𝒗
4.33 m/s 𝑩
Sample Problem
A 0.800-kg particle has a speed of 3.00 m/s at point A and kinetic
energy of 7. J at point B. What is (a) its kinetic energy at A? (b) its
speed at B? (c) the total work done on the particle as it moves from A
to B?
Solution (a) Solution (b)
1 1
𝐾𝐸 𝐴¿ 2
𝑚( 𝑣 𝐴 ¿2 𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿2𝑚( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿2
1
¿ (0.800 kg)
2 ¿ 2 ¿
𝐾𝐸 𝐵 𝑚
( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿
2

𝑲𝑬 ¿ 3
𝑚 𝑚
𝑨
2𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿( 𝑣 𝐵 ¿ 2
𝑚
2𝐾𝐸 𝐵¿𝑣 𝐵
𝑚
2(7.5 𝐽) 𝑣 𝐵
¿
0.800 𝑘𝑔
¿𝒗
4.33 m/s 𝑩
Sample Problem
A 0.800-kg particle has a speed of 3.00 m/s at point A and kinetic
energy of 7.5 J at point B. What is (a) its kinetic energy at A? (b) its
speed at B? (c) the total work done on the particle as it moves from A
to B?
Solution (c)

¿𝐾𝐸−
𝑊 𝐾𝐸 𝑓
𝐾𝐸𝑖
𝐽 3.6 𝐽
¿7.5 −
𝑾 𝑲𝑬¿3
Sample Problem
A 7.00-kg bowling ball moves at 3.00 m/s. How fast must a 2.45-g
Ping-Pong ball move so that the two balls have the same kinetic
energy?
Solution

¿𝐾𝐸 𝑏𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐾𝐸 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔
1 1
𝑚 𝑣2
¿
2
𝑚𝑣
2 2

1 2 1
2
−3
¿
( 2.45 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑣 2(7.00 𝑘𝑔)

V ¿𝟏𝟔𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒎/𝒔
Potential Energy
 Potential energy is associated with the position of the object within
some system.
 Potential energy is measured with respect to or relative to a
particular reference point.
Gravitational Potential Energy
 The work done by gravity is

 Gravitational Potential Energy is

the energy associated with the
relative position of an object in
space near the Earth’s surface.

∆ 𝑈 𝑔 =𝑚𝑔( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 )
 Rewrite the work done by
gravity in terms of

𝑊 𝐹 =− ∆ 𝑈 𝑔
𝑔
Gravitational Potential Energy
Case 1: Work done by gravity when the body is moving up
a. the displacement and the force are antiparallel to each
other. The work done by gravity is negative. So, is positive.
Therefore, the gravitational potential energy increases.

Case 2: Work done by gravity when the body is moving down.

b. the displacement and the force are parallel to each other.
The work done by gravity is positive. So is negative.
Therefore, the gravitational potential energy decreases.
Sample Problem
A 5kg is thrown upward from an elevation of 7 m to 15 m above the
ground. Find the change in its gravitational potential energy and work
done by gravity.

Solution (a) Reference point (ground)

𝒎𝒈y =𝑚𝑔
= ¿𝑦2−𝑓 𝑦 𝑖)
(9.8 𝑚 / 𝑠¿
=(5 𝑘𝑔) ) − )
∆ 𝑼¿
𝒈 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝑱

Solution (a) Reference point (initial position of the ball)

𝒎𝒈y =𝑚𝑔
= ¿𝑦2−𝑓 𝑦 𝑖)
(9.8 𝑚 / 𝑠¿
=(5 𝑘𝑔) ) −)
∆ 𝑼¿
𝒈 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝑱
Sample Problem
A 5kg is thrown upward from an elevation of 7 m to 15 m above the
ground. Find the change in its gravitational potential energy and work
done by gravity.

Solution (b)

= -
= - 392 J
SAMPLE
PROBLEM
Work done by a force on a moving object
is -50J. It was traveling at a speed of
10m/s. Find the new speed of the object if
the mass of the object is 2Kg.
Elastic Potential Energy
 Elastic potential energy is potential energy stored as a result of
deformation of an elastic object, such at the stretching of a spring.
 The elastic potential energy of a spring is one half the product of
its spring constant multiplied by the square of its extension or
compression. That is,
Elastic Potential Energy
 The spring constant is defined as the stiffness of the spring. The
spring constant k is a property of the spring itself. It does not
change when the spring is deformed. The spring constant has units
of N/m, or newtons per meter.

 The deformation x is the change in the length of the spring. It can

be positive or negative. It points in the opposite direction of the
spring force. It has units of meters.
TRY THIS:
1. A ball has a mass of 2Kg, suppose it
travels at 10m/s. Find the kinetic energy
possessed by it.

2. A spaceship has a mass of 20000Kg,

suppose it travels at 10m/s. Find the
kinetic energy possessed by it.

3. Work done by a force on a moving

object is 100J. It was traveling at a speed
of 2 m/s. Find the new speed of the object
if the mass of the object is 2Kg.
What is Power?
 In science and engineering, time rate of doing work or delivering
energy, expressible as the amount of work done W, or energy
transferred, divided by the time interval t.

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
 When a constant force F is exerted on a body while the body
undergoes a displacement d in the direction of the force, the work
done is F x d and the power is;

𝑃= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑣 )
Sample Problem:
A force of 350 N is used to push a 150 kg block 35.0 m horizontally in
5.00 s. (a) Calculate the work done on the mass. (b) Calculate the
power developed.

Solution (a) Solution (b)

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑊¿ 𝐹 𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ¿ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
¿350 𝑁35𝑚𝑥 12,250 𝐽
𝑊¿ 2,250 J ¿ 5𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ¿ 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟎𝑾
Sample Problem:
An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg and is carrying passengers having a
combined mass of 200 kg. A constant friction force of 4 000 N retards its motion
upward, (a) What power delivered by the motor is required to lift the elevator car
at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s? (b) What power must the motor deliver at the
instant the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is designed to provide the
elevator car with an upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?

Solution:
𝑥𝑚/¿
𝑃¿𝐹𝑣¿𝟐.𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝑵3 𝑠𝟔.𝟒𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝑾
𝟒 𝟒

𝑇 Using the definition of the Newton’s Second

Law𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 ¿𝑚𝑎0
𝑇−𝐹 𝑓𝑟 −𝐹 𝑔¿0
𝐹 𝑔𝐹 𝑓𝑟 𝑇¿𝐹 𝑓𝑟+¿𝐹 𝑔
¿4000 𝑁+¿1600𝑘𝑔
( +¿200𝑘𝑔 ¿9.8
( ¿
𝑚/𝑠
2

𝑻¿𝟐.𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑵
Sample Problem:
An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg and is carrying passengers having a
combined mass of 200 kg. A constant friction force of 4 000 N retards its motion
upward, (a) What power delivered by the motor is required to lift the elevator car
at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s? (b) What power must the motor deliver at the
instant the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is designed to provide the
elevator car with an upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?

Solution:
𝟒
𝑥𝑚/¿
𝑃¿𝐹𝑣¿𝟐.𝟑𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝑵3 𝑠𝟕.𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑾
Using the definition of the Newton’s Second
Law𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 ¿𝑚𝑎
𝑇−𝐹 𝑓𝑟 −𝐹 𝑔¿𝑚𝑎
𝑇¿𝐹 𝑓𝑟+¿𝐹+¿ 𝑔 𝑚𝑎
¿𝐹 𝑓𝑟+¿𝑚𝑔 +¿𝑚𝑎
¿𝐹 𝑓𝑟+¿ ¿𝑔+¿𝑎¿
¿ 𝟒 +¿
4000 𝑁 1800𝑘𝑔 9.8 𝑚 / 𝑠+¿
( 2
1 .00 𝑚/¿𝑠
2

𝑻¿𝟐.𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝑵
Sample Problem:
A compact car has a mass of 800 kg, and its efficiency is rated at 18%. (That is,
18% of the available fuel energy is delivered to the wheels.) Find the amount of
gasoline
used to accelerate the car from rest to 27 m/s (60 mi/h). Use the fact that the
energy equivalent of 1 gal of gasoline is 1.3 x 10^8 J.
Solution: If the engine is 18% efficient, then
1 energy is
𝐾𝐸¿ 𝑚𝑣
2
2
1 ¿0.18𝑥1.3 𝑥 1 0 𝐽 8

¿ (800 kg)
2 (27 m / s) ¿2.34 x 10 J /gal
7

𝑲𝑬¿𝟐𝟗𝟏,𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐉
¿𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐉
𝑇h𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑟
5
2.92 x 10 J
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑙¿ 7
2.34 x 10 J /gal
¿𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒈𝒂𝒍
Sample Problem:
A compact car has a mass of 800 kg, and its efficiency is rated at 18%. (That is,
18% of the available fuel energy is delivered to the wheels.) (a) Find the amount
of gasoline used to accelerate the car from rest to 27 m/s (60 mi/h). Use the fact
that the energy equivalent of 1 gal of gasoline is 1.3 x 10^8 J. (b) Assume that it
takes 10 s to achieve the indicated speed, what is the distance during this
acceleration?
Solution:

1
𝑥¿ ¿ ¿
2𝑣 𝑓 + 𝑖𝑡
𝑣
1
¿¿ 2 +0 𝑚 /𝑠 10
¿ s
𝒙¿𝟏𝟑𝟓.𝟎𝟎 𝐦
Sample Problem:
Suppose the compact car in the previous problem has a
gas mileage of 35 mi/gal at 60 mi/hr. How much power is
delivered to the wheels?
Solution:
60 𝑚𝑖 /h𝑟
¿35 𝑚𝑖/𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
¿𝟏.𝟕𝟏𝒈𝒂𝒍/𝒉𝒓
𝑃¿𝟏.𝟕𝟏𝒈𝒂𝒍/𝒉𝒓𝑥 8
1.3 𝑥 1 0 𝐽 /𝑔𝑎𝑙
1 h𝑟
¿2.22 𝑥 1 0 𝐽 /h𝑟 3600 𝑠
8
𝑥
𝑃¿61 , 667 W
¿61 , 667 W𝑥0.18
𝑷¿𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐖
Sample Problem:
Consider a car of mass m that is accelerating up a hill, as shown in Figure. An
automotive engineer measures the magnitude of the total resistive force to be )
N. where v is the speed in meters per second. Determine the power the engine
must deliver to the wheels as a function of speed.

Solution:

𝑃¿𝐹𝑣
Using the definition of the Newton’s Second Law
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 ¿𝑚𝑎
𝐹 𝑎𝑝𝑝 −𝐹 𝑓𝑟 −𝑚𝑔sin 𝜃 ¿𝑚𝑎
𝐹 𝑎𝑝𝑝 ¿𝑚𝑎+¿𝑚𝑔sin 𝜃 +¿ +¿
0.70 𝑣
2
¿

The power required to move the car forward

𝑃¿𝐹𝑣
¿𝑚𝑣𝑎 +¿𝑚𝑣𝑔sin 𝜃 +218𝑣 +¿
0.70 𝑣
3

𝑷¿125,437.70 W
or 125 kW
TRY THIS
During the Powerhouse lab, Jerome runs up the
stairs, elevating his 102 kg body a vertical distance of
2.29 meters in a time of 1.32 seconds at a constant
speed.

a. Determine the work done by Jerome in climbing the

stair case.
b. Determine the power generated by Jerome.
TRY THIS
A new conveyor system at the local packaging plan
will utilize a motor-powered mechanical arm to exert
an average force of 890 N to push large crates a
distance of 12 meters in 22 seconds. Determine the
power output required of such a motor.
TRY THIS
A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude
of 870 m above the ground.
a. Determine the kinetic energy possessed by the
skydiver.
b. Determine the potential energy possessed by the
skydiver.
c. Determine the total mechanical energy possessed
by the skydiver.
ASSIGNMENT
Maximize your potential
energy this christmas
break and wishing you
nothing but the best this
holiday season.