Cement is a Binding Material used in mortar

concrete etc .

PORTLAND CEMENT WAS DEVELOPED IN

ENGLAND BY BRICKLAYER JOSEPH
ASPIN IN EARLY 1800’S
 setting time of cement

The initial time the time that cement turns into paste by mixing with water
and begins to lose its plasticity , when cement paste starts hardening
Time 0 – 45 min

the final setting time.: begins to have a certain structural strength

Time 45 min – 10 hr
 TYPES OF CEMENT:
Types of Portland cement according to ASTM and IQ Classification
Type I
For use in general concrete construction where the special properties specified for Types II, III, IV and V are
not required (Ordinary Portland Cement).
Type II
For use in general concrete construction exposed to moderate sulphate action, or where moderate heat of
hydration is required.
Type III
For use when high early strength is required (Rapid Hardening Cement).
Type IV
For use when low heat of hydration is required (Low Heat Cement).
Type V
For use when high sulphate resistance is required (Sulphate Resisting Cement).
 TYPES OF CEMENT:
Types of Portland Cement

 Ordinary Portland cement – Type Ι

Modified cement - Type ΙΙ
Rapid-hardening Portland cement – Type ΙΙΙ
Low heat Portland cement – Type ΙV
Sulfate-resisting Portland cement – Type V
Chemical Composition of cement is:
Lime 63% (CaO)
Silica 22% (SiO2)
Alumina 06% (Al2O3)
Iron oxide(Fe203) 0.5- 06%
Magnesiam (MgO) 1.5- 03%
Sulphur Tri Oxide (SO3) 01-02%
Gypsum 01 to 04%
 1- Lime (CaO):

.1 Lime forms nearly two-third (2/3) of the cement. Therefore sufficient

quantity of the lime must be in the raw materials for the manufacturing o f
cement.

2. Its proportion has an important effect on the cement.

3. Lime in excess, causes the cement to expand and disintegrate.

 2- Silica
(SiO2)
1. The quantity of silica should be enough to form di-calcium silicate and
tri-calcium silicate inthe manufacturing of cement.

2. 2. Silica gives strength to the cement.

3. 3. Silica in excess causes the cement to set slowly.

 3- Alumina (Al203)

1 Alumina supports to set quickly to the cement.

2. Lowers the clinkering temperature.

3. Alumina in excess, reduces the strength of the cement.

 4- Iron Oxide
(Fe203):

Iron oxide gives colour to the cement

 5- Magnesia(MgO):

1.It also helps in giving colour to the cement.

2.Magnesium in excess makes the cement unsound.

(1) ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

This type of cement is the most commonly used cement for general
concrete construction when there is no exposure to sulfates in the soil or
groundwater.
 (2) RAPID HARDENING
CEMENT:•
 R.H.P.C develops strength more rapidly.
 Setting time for R.H.P.C is similar for that of O.P.C.
 Higher content of C3S and C3A (C3S > 55 %, but sometimes as high as 70 %).
 R.H.P.C has higher fineness (450- 600 m2/kg) measured by Blaine method.
 The higher fineness increases the strength at 10- 20 hrs up to about 28 days.
 (2) Rapid-hardening Portland cement (R.H.P.C)- (Type III):

 Uses:
1) R.H.P.C is used when rapid strength development is desired (to develop high early strength :3 days strength of R.H.P.C = 7 days strength of O.P.C),
for example:
a) when formwork is to be removed for re-use.
b) where sufficient strength for further construction is wanted as quickly as practicable, such as:
 concrete blocks manufacturing.
 Sidewalks.
 places that can not be closed for a long time.
 repair works needed to construct quickly.

2) For construction at low temperatures, to prevent the frost damage of the capillary water.

3) R.H.P.C does not use at mass concrete constructions.

 (3) Ultra High Early Strength Cement

Special types of Rapid-Hardening Portland cement:

Ultra High Early Strength Cement
 This type of cement is manufacture by separating fines from R.H.P.C by a cyclone air elutriator.
 The rapid strength development of this type of cement is achieved by grinding the cement to a very high
fineness : (700-900 m2/kg).
Due to high fineness of this cement:
o The gypsum content has to be higher (4% expressed as SO3)
o This type of cement has low bulk density and deteriorates rapidly on exposure.
o High fineness leads to rapid hydration, hence, high rate of heat generation at early ages as well as rapid
strength development:
 The 3 day strength of (R.H.P.C) is reached at 16 hrs.
 The 7 day strength is reached at 24 hrs.
 (3) Ultra High Early Strength Cement

usess

 It is used successfully in a number of structures where:

 early prestressing .
 putting into service is of importance.
 4) Low heat Portland cement (L.H.P.C)- (Type IV):

 This type of cement contains less C3S and C3A percentage, and higher percentage of C2S in comparison
with O.P.C.
 Reduce and delay the heat of hydration. BS 1370:1979 limits the heat of hydration of this cement to:
o 250 J/g (60 cal/g) at the age of 7 days.
o 290 J/g (70 cal/g) at 28 days.
 It has lower early strength (½ the strength at 7 days age and ⅔ the strength at 28 days age) compared
with O.P.C.
 Fineness is not less than 3200 cm2/g.

Uses: heavy structure as dam construction, marine engineering

 4) Low heat Portland cement (L.H.P.C)- (Type IV):

Uses:

L.H.P.C is used in large concrete mass. The interior faces of the

concrete mass has a high temperature due to the heat development by
the hydration of cement, coupled with a low thermal conductivity of
concrete while the exterior faces has dissipated the heat of hydration
thus serious cracking occurred.
 5) Modified Cement (Type II) :

• Modified Portland cement made from 40% O.P.C+ 60% L.H.P.C.

• This cement combines higher rate of heat development than that of L.H.P.C
with a rate of gain of strength similar to that of O.P.C
• It is recommended for use in structures where:
• moderately low heat generation is desirable
• moderate sulfate attack may occur.
 (6) Sulfate- resisting Cement (S.R.P.C)-( Type V

 Compositions: this type of cement contains:

o Lower percentage of C3A and C4AF: which considers as the most affected compounds by sulfates.
o Higher percentage of silicates in comparison with O.P.C.
o Iraqi specification no. (6) limits: . C3A ≤ 3.5% , fineness ≥ 2500 cm2/g.

 Properties:
o Low early strength because C2S represents a high proportion of the silicates.
o Its resulted heat of hydration is not much higher than that of L.H.P.C
o It is not preferable when there is chloride ions.
Sulfate attack :

for the hardened cement, the effects of sulfates are on two types:
1- Hydrated calcium aluminates (C3A) in their semi-stable hexagonal form (before its
transformation to the stable state C3AH6 as cubical crystal form ) which have high sulfate
resistance) react with sulfates (present in fine aggregate, or soil and ground water), producing
hydrated calcium sulfoaluminate This reaction is leading to increase in the volume of the reacted
materials by about 227% causing gradual cracking.

2- Exchange between Ca(OH)2 and sulfates resulting gypsum, and leading to increase in the volume
of the reacted materials by about 124%.
 (6) White Cement:

 This cement is used for architectural purposes.

 White Portland cement is made from raw materials containing:
o very little iron oxide (less than 0.3% by mass of clinker) .
o magnesium oxide (which give the grey color in ordinary Portland cement).
 Raw materials used for the production of white cement are:
o China clay (white kaoline).
o Chalk or limestone, free from specified impurities.
 White cement manufacture needs higher firing temperature (up to 1650ºC) because of:
* the absence of iron element that works as a flux in the formation process of the clinker.
 Contamination of the cement with iron during grinding of clinker has also to be avoided. For this reason, instead
of the usual ball mill, the expensive nickel and molybdenum alloy balls are used in a stone or ceramic-lined mill.
 (7) White Cement:

 White cement rather expensive (about 3 times the price of Ordinary Portland cement) because :
*higher cost of grinding: due to the use of special grinding mill.

*more expensive raw materials are used.

*special fuel is used for firing.
*increasing the quantity of the fuel needed for firing as the firing temperature may be up to 1650ºC.
 It has a slightly lower specific gravity (3.05-3.1), than ordinary Portland cement.
 The strength is lower than that of O.P.C.
 Its fineness is higher (400-450 kg/m2) than O.P.C.
 8) Portland Slag Cement or Portland Blastfurnace Cement

This type of cement consists of an intimate mixture of :

Portland cement + ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs).
Slag : is a waste product in the manufacture of pig iron.
Chemically, slag is a mixture of lime, silica, alumina, that is, the same oxides that make up Portland cement but not in
the same proportions.
 The specific gravity of ground granulate balstfurnace slag (ggbs) is about 2.9.
 When Portland blastfurnace cement is mixed with water:

*immediate reaction of ggbs with water releases calcium and aluminium irons onto solution.
*The ggbs reacts with alkali hydroxide and followed by another reaction by Portland cement, C-S-H being formed.
 Its sulfate resistance is high.
 Uses :
- Mass concrete
- May not be use in cold weather concreting.
 9) Supersulphated Cement:
 Production: this cement is made by intergrinding a mixture of 80 to 85 % of granulated blastfurnace
slag (ggbs) with 10 to 15 % of calcium sulfate [in the form of dead-burnt gypsum or anhydrite (CaSO4)
] and up to 5 % of Portland cement clinker.
 Fineness : 400 to 500 m2/kg.
 Stored under very dry conditions as otherwise it deteriorates rapidly.
 It is highly resistant to sea water and can withstand the highest concentrations of sulfates in soil or
ground water.
 Uses:
*in the construction of sewers (pH< 3.5).
*in mass concrete construction (because of its low heat of hydration).
Note: In cold weather, care must be taken if this cement used because the rate of strength development
reduced at low temperatures.
(10) Portland Pozzolana
Cement:
 This type of cement consists of an intimate mixture of Portland cement and pozzolana.
* American standard limit the pozzolana content by 15-40% of Pozzolanic cement.
Pozzolana (according to ASTM C618-94a): is a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little or no
cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at
ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious.
Types of Pozzolana :
(a) Natural Pozzolanic materials, such as volcanic ash.
(b) Industrial Pozzolanic materials, such as fired clay, rice husks ash.

Properties & Uses : they are similar to those of Portland blastfurnace cement.
Mass concrete
- May not be use in cold weather concreting.
 Other Cements:

1) Expansive Cement:
 It has the property of expanding in its early life so as to counteract contraction induced by drying
shrinkage.
 Its made from mixing (P.C + expanding agent+ stabilizer):
o Expanding agent is obtained by burning a mixture of gypsum, bauxite, and chalk which form
calcium sulfate and calcium aluminate. These materials react with water to form calcium
sulfoaluminate hydrate (ettringite) which cause an expansion of the cement paste.
o The stabilizer is blastfurnace slag which slowly take up the excess calcium sulfate and brings
expansion to an end.
 2 )HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT:
1- High-alumina cement (H.A.C): Bauxite: is a residual deposit formed by the weathering, under tropical
conditions, of rocks containing aluminium, and consists of hydrated
 Compositions: alumina, oxides of iron and titanium, and small amount of silica.
o It contains a large proportion of alumina  Resistance to chemical attack:

o 40 % each of alumina and lime.

*H.A.C is resistance to sulfate attack due to the absence of Ca(OH)2.
o 15 % of ferrous and ferric oxides.
*H.A.C is resistance to attack by CO2 dissolved in pure water. Concrete
o about 5 % of silica. technology

o Small amounts of TiO2, magnesia, and 47

the alkalis.
 H.A.C is manufactured from limestone  Physical properties of H.A.C:
and bauxite. *H.A.C has very high rate of strength development.
*80% of H.A.C strength is obtained at 24hrs age.
 3 ) Expansive cement

It has the property of expanding in its early life so as to reduce the contractions induced by drying
shrinkage.
 4) Colored Cement

It is prepared by adding spatial type of pigments (about 2-10% by weight of cement) to the Portland
cement.
- The pigments is added to white Portland cement when light colors is required
- The pigment is added to ordinary Portland cement when dark colors is required.
The pigments are insoluble and not affected by light and it should be chemically inert.