Properties of Quadratic Functions in

2-2 Standard Form

Warm Up
Give the coordinate of the vertex of each
function.

1. f(x) = (x – 2)2 + 3 (2, 3)

2. f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 – 4 (–1,–4)

3. Give the domain and range of the following function.

{(–2, 4), (0, 6), (2, 8), (4, 10)}
D:{–2, 0, 2, 4}; R:{4, 6, 8, 10}

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Objectives
Define, identify, and graph quadratic
functions.
Identify and use maximums and
minimums of quadratic functions to
solve problems.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Vocabulary
axis of symmetry
standard form
minimum value
maximum value

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

When you transformed quadratic functions in the

previous lesson, you saw that reflecting the
parent function across the y-axis results in the
same function.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

This shows that parabolas are symmetric curves. The

axis of symmetry is the line through the vertex of a
parabola that divides the parabola into two congruent
halves.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 1: Identifying the Axis of Symmetry

Identify the axis of symmetry for the graph of

.
Rewrite the function to find the value of h.

Because h = –5, the axis of symmetry is the

vertical line x = –5.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 1 Continued

Check
Analyze the graph on a
graphing calculator. The
parabola is symmetric
about the vertical line
x = –5.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Identify the axis of symmetry for the graph of

f ( x )  x  3   1.
2

Rewrite the function to find the value of h.

f(x) = [x - (3)]2 + 1

Because h = 3, the axis of symmetry is the

vertical line x = 3.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Check Analyze the graph on a graphing calculator.

The parabola is symmetric about the
vertical line x = 3.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
The standard form of a quadratic function is

f(x)= ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0

The coefficients a, b, and c can show properties of

the graph of the function. You can determine these
properties by expanding the vertex form.

f(x)= a(x – h)2 + k

f(x)= a(x2 – 2xh +h2) + k Multiply to expand (x – h)2.

f(x)= a(x2) – a(2hx) + a(h2) + k Distribute a.

f(x)= ax2 + (–2ah)x + (ah2 + k) Simplify and group terms.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

a in standard form is the same as in vertex

a=a form. It indicates whether a reflection and/or
vertical stretch or compression has been
applied.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Solving for h gives . Therefore,

b =–2ah
the axis of symmetry, x = h, for a quadratic

function in standard form is .

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Notice that the value of c is the same value

c = ah2 + k given by the vertex form of f when x = 0:
f(0) = a(0 – h)2 + k = ah2 + k. So c is the y-
intercept.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

These properties can be generalized to help you

graph quadratic functions.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Helpful Hint
When a is positive, the parabola is happy (U).
U
When the a negative, the parabola is sad ( ).

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2A: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 5.

a. Determine whether the graph opens upward

or downward.
Because a is positive, the parabola opens upward.
b. Find the axis of symmetry.
The axis of symmetry is given by .

Substitute –4 for b and 2 for a.

The axis of symmetry is the line x = 1.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2A: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 5.
c. Find the vertex.
The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry, so the
x-coordinate is 1. The y-coordinate is the value of
the function at this x-value, or f(1).
f(1) = 2(1)2 – 4(1) + 5 = 3
The vertex is (1, 3).
d. Find the y-intercept.
Because c = 5, the intercept is 5.
Holt McDougal Algebra 2
 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2A: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 5.
e. Graph the function.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2B: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = –x2 – 2x + 3.
a. Determine whether the graph opens
upward or downward.
Because a is negative, the parabola opens downward.
b. Find the axis of symmetry.
The axis of symmetry is given by .

Substitute –2 for b and –1 for a.

The axis of symmetry is the line x = –1.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2B: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = –x2 – 2x + 3.
c. Find the vertex.
The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry, so the x-
coordinate is –1. The y-coordinate is the value of
the function at this x-value, or f(–1).
f(–1) = –(–1)2 – 2(–1) + 3 = 4
The vertex is (–1, 4).
d. Find the y-intercept.
Because c = 3, the y-intercept is 3.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 2B: Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard
Form
Consider the function f(x) = –x2 – 2x + 3.
e. Graph the function.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle
For the function, (a) determine whether the
graph opens upward or downward, (b) find the
axis of symmetry, (c) find the vertex, (d) find
the y-intercept, and (e) graph the function.
f(x)= –2x2 – 4x

a. Because a is negative, the parabola opens downward.

b. The axis of symmetry is given by .

Substitute –4 for b and –2 for a.

The axis of symmetry is the line x = –1.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2
 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

f(x)= –2x2 – 4x
c. The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry, so the
x-coordinate is –1. The y-coordinate is the value
of the function at this x-value, or f(–1).
f(–1) = –2(–1)2 – 4(–1) = 2
The vertex is (–1, 2).
d. Because c is 0, the y-intercept is 0.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle
f(x)= –2x2 – 4x
e. Graph the function.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle
For the function, (a) determine whether the
graph opens upward or downward, (b) find the
axis of symmetry, (c) find the vertex, (d) find
the y-intercept, and (e) graph the function.
g(x)= x2 + 3x – 1.
a. Because a is positive, the parabola opens upward.

b. The axis of symmetry is given by .

Substitute 3 for b and 1 for a.

The axis of symmetry is the line .

Holt McDougal Algebra 2
 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

g(x)= x2 + 3x – 1

c. The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry, so the

x-coordinate is . The y-coordinate is the value
of the function at this x-value, or f( ).

f( )=( )2 + 3( )–1=

The vertex is ( , ).

d. Because c = –1, the intercept is –1.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle
e. Graph the function.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Substituting any real value of x into a quadratic

equation results in a real number. Therefore, the
domain of any quadratic function is all real numbers.
The range of a quadratic function depends on its
vertex and the direction that the parabola opens.

Caution!
The minimum (or maximum) value is the y-value
at the vertex. It is not the ordered pair that
represents the vertex.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 3: Finding Minimum or Maximum Values

Find the minimum or maximum value of

f(x) = –3x2 + 2x – 4. Then state the domain and
range of the function.
Step 1 Determine whether the function has minimum
or maximum value.
Because a is negative, the graph opens downward
and has a maximum value.
Step 2 Find the x-value of the vertex.

Substitute 2 for b and –3 for a.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 3 Continued

Find the minimum or maximum value of

f(x) = –3x2 + 2x – 4. Then state the domain and
range of the function.

Step 3 Then find the y-value of the vertex,

The maximum value is . The domain is all real

numbers, R. The range is all real numbers less than or
equal to

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Example 3 Continued

Check Graph f(x)=–3x2 + 2x – 4 on a graphing

calculator. The graph and table support
the answer.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Find the minimum or maximum value of

f(x) = x2 – 6x + 3. Then state the domain and
range of the function.
Step 1 Determine whether the function has minimum
or maximum value.
Because a is positive, the graph opens upward and
has a minimum value.
Step 2 Find the x-value of the vertex.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Find the minimum or maximum value of

f(x) = x2 – 6x + 3. Then state the domain and
range of the function.

Step 3 Then find the y-value of the vertex,

f(3) = (3)2 – 6(3) + 3 = –6

The minimum value is –6. The domain is

all real numbers, R. The range is all real
numbers greater than or equal to –6, or
{y|y ≥ –6}.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Check Graph f(x)=x2 – 6x + 3 on a graphing

calculator. The graph and table support
the answer.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Find the minimum or maximum value of

g(x) = –2x2 – 4. Then state the domain and
range of the function.
Step 1 Determine whether the function has minimum
or maximum value.
Because a is negative, the graph opens downward
and has a maximum value.
Step 2 Find the x-value of the vertex.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Find the minimum or maximum value of

g(x) = –2x2 – 4. Then state the domain and
range of the function.

Step 3 Then find the y-value of the vertex,

f(0) = –2(0)2 – 4 = –4

The maximum value is –4. The domain is

all real numbers, R. The range is all real
numbers less than or equal to –4, or
{y|y ≤ –4}.
Holt McDougal Algebra 2
 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Check Graph f(x)=–2x2 – 4 on a graphing

calculator. The graph and table support
the answer.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

The highway mileage m in miles per gallon

for a compact car is approximately by
m(s) = –0.025s2 + 2.45s – 30, where s is the
speed in miles per hour. What is the
maximum mileage for this compact car to
the nearest tenth of a mile per gallon?
What speed results in this mileage?

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

The maximum value will be at the vertex (s, m(s)).

Step 1 Find the s-value of the vertex using

a = –0.025 and b = 2.45.

s 
b

2.45
 49
2a 2  0.02 5

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Step 2 Substitute this s-value into m to find the

corresponding maximum, m(s).

m(s) = –0.025s2 + 2.45s – 30 Substitute 49 for r.

m(49) = –0.025(49)2 + 2.45(49) – 30

m(49) ≈ 30 Use a calculator.

The maximum mileage is 30 mi/gal at 49 mi/h.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Huddle

Check Graph the function on a graphing

calculator. Use the MAXIMUM feature
under the CALCULATE menu to
approximate the MAXIMUM. The graph
supports the answer.

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Mastery

Consider the function f(x)= 2x2 + 6x – 7.

1. Determine whether the graph opens upward or

downward. upward
2. Find the axis of symmetry. x = –1.5

3. Find the vertex. (–1.5, –11.5)

4. Identify the maximum or minimum value of the

function. min.: –11.5

5. Find the y-intercept. –7

Holt McDougal Algebra 2

 Properties of Quadratic Functions in
2-2 Standard Form
Team Mastery

Consider the function f(x)= 2x2 + 6x – 7.

6. Graph the function.

7. Find the domain and

range of the function.
D: All real numbers; R {y|y ≥ –11.5}

Holt McDougal Algebra 2