Artificial Intelligence

Shruti Patil
 AI in Fiction

An intelligent killing robot

Smart machines that took over

the human race and made
them live in a simulated world
 What’s interesting with AI

Search engines

Science

Medicine/
Appliances Diagnosis

Labor

Movies Recommendation
 What’s interesting with AI
• Honda AISMO
• Advanced Step in Innovation MObility
• Humanoid Robot
• Capable of recognizing:
• Moving objects
• Postures
• Gestures
• Handshake
• Sounds
• Capable of walking and running

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMO
 What’s interesting with AI
Darpa Grand Challenge
• To nurture the development of autonomous ground vehicles
• Competition of Driverless vehicles
• 2004
• 1 million
• Mojave Desert
• Follows a route of 240 km
• No one won: best completed 12 km
• 2005
• 2 million dollar prize
• 3 narrow tunnels, 100 sharp turns
• Twisted pass with a drop-off one one side
• Five succeeded
• Winner: 6:54 hours, Stanford Racing Team – Stanely

Urban Grand Challenge

stanely
• 2007
• 2 million dollar
• AirForce Base
• To obey to all traffic rules
• 96 km within less than 6 hours
• CMU team won – with 4:10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge
 What’s interesting with AI

• 1996, Deep Blue first machine to beat chess world champion

• But lost in the series – 4 to 2
• 1997, won the series 3.5 to 2.5
• Search 6 to 8 moves a head
• The evaluation function is set by the system after examining thousands of master
games
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)
 Syllabus - Tentative

1. Introduction
2. Intelligent Agents
3. Solving Problems by Search
4. Constraint satisfaction Problems
5. Game Playing
6. Knowledge representation
7. Logical concepts and programming
Introduction – Chapter 1
 Artificial intelligence
 AI is a branch of computer science which is
concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit

– some form of intelligence

OR
– those characteristics we associate
whichintelligence in human behavior
with
 What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is a property of mind that
encompasses many related mental abilities,
such as the capabilities to
– reason
– plan
– solve problems
– think abstractly
– comprehend ideas and language and
– learn
1
0
 Characteristics of AI
• learn new concepts and tasks
• reason and draw useful conclusions about the
world around us
– remember complicated interrelated facts and
draw conclusions from them (inference)
• understand a natural language or perceive and
comprehend a visual scene
– look through cameras and see what's there
(vision), to move themselves and objects around
in the real world (robotics)
• plan sequences of actions to complete a goal
• may not necessarily imitate human senses and thought
processes
– but indeed, in performing some tasks differently, they may
actually exceed human abilities
• capable of performing intelligent tasks effectively and
efficiently
• perform tasks that require high levels of intelligence
 AI Definition
• The exciting new effort to make computers
thinks … machine with minds, in the full and
literal sense” (Haugeland 1985)
• The automation of activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision-making,
problem
solving, learning,…(Bellman, 1978)

Think Like Humans

 AI Defintion
• “The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed
by people” (Kurzweil, 1990)
• “The study of how to make computers do things at
which, at the moment, people do better”, (Rich and
Knight, 1991)

Act Like Humans

 AI Definition
• “The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models”,(Charniak et al. 1985)
• “The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason and act”,(Winston,
1992)

Think Rationally
 AI Definition
• “Computational Intelligence is the study of the
design of
intelligent agents” (Poole et al, 1998)
• “AI….is concerned with intelligent behavior in
artifact”,
(Nilsson, 1998)

Act Rationally
How to Achieve AI?
Acting
humanly

Thinking
humanly AI Thinking
rationally

Acting
rationally

17
 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test

Alan Turing
1912-1954
• To be intelligent, a program should simply act like a human

Artificial Intelligence 18
 The Turing Test - Example

http://aimovie.warnerbros.co http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab
m /
slide mostly borrowed from Laurent Itti
 The Turing Test - Example

http://aimovie.warnerbros.co http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab
m /
slide mostly borrowed from Laurent Itti
 The Turing Test - Example

http://aimovie.warnerbros.co http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab
m /
slide mostly borrowed from Laurent Itti
 The Turing Test - Example

http://aimovie.warnerbros.co http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab
m /
slide mostly borrowed from Laurent Itti
 The Turing Test - Example

http://aimovie.warnerbros.co http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/infolab
m /
slide mostly borrowed from Laurent Itti
 Acting Humanly
• To pass the Turing test, the computer/robot needs:
– Natural language processing to communicate successfully.
– Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears.
– Automated reasoning to answer questions and draw conclusions using
stored information.
– Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.

– These are the main branches of AI.

24
 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test

+ physical interaction =>

Total Turing Test

- Recognize objects and

gestures
- Move objects
A
l
a
n

T
Artificial Intelligence u 25
r
 Acting Humanly – for Total Turing

• To pass the Turing test, the computer/robot needs:

– Natural language processing to communicate successfully.
– Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears.
– Automated reasoning to answer questions and draw conclusions using
stored information.
– Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate
patterns.
– Computer vision to perceive objects. (Total Turing test)
– Robotics to manipulate objects and move. (Total Turing test)

– These are the main branches of AI.

 Thinking Humanly
• Real intelligence requires thinking  think like a
human !
• First, we should know how a human think
– Introspect ones thoughts
– Physiological experiment to understand how someone
thinks
– Brain imaging – MRI…
• Then, we can build programs and models that
think like humans
– Resulted in the field of cognitive science: a
merger between AI and psychology.

27
 Problems with Imitating Humans
• The human thinking process is difficult to
understand: how does the mind raises from
the brain ? Think also about unconscious tasks
such as vision and speech understanding.
• Humans are not perfect ! We make a lot of
systemic mistakes:

28
 Thinking Rationally
• Instead of thinking like a human : think rationally.
• Find out how correct thinking must proceed: the laws
of thought.
• Aristotle syllogism: “Socrates is a man; all men are
mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal.”
• This initiated logic: a traditional and important branch
of mathematics and computer science.
• Problem: it is not always possible to model thought
as a set of rules; sometimes there uncertainty.
• Even when a modeling is available, the complexity of
the problem may be too large to allow for a solution.

29
 Acting Rationally
• Rational agent: acts as to achieve the best outcome
• Logical thinking is only one aspect of appropriate
behavior: reactions like getting your hand out of a hot place
is not the result of a careful deliberation, yet it is clearly
rational.
• Sometimes there is no correct way to do, yet
something must be done.
• Instead of insisting on how the program should think,
we insist on how the program should act: we care only
about the final result.
• Advantages:
– more general than “thinking rationally” and more
– Mathematically principled; proven to achieve rationality unlike
human behavior or thought
30
 Acting Rationally

This is how birds fly Humans tried to mimic This is how we finally
birds for centuries achieved “artificial flight”

31
 ELIZA
• Eliza was first program developed by Joseph Wiezbaum
to converse in English in mid 1960's
– It passed turing test.
– The following passage shows Eliza’s talking to a teenage girl. Blue text
Eliza’s response
• Simulation of Intelligence:can’t understand the meaning of utterance

• Quality of Response: limited by processing input at the syntactic level.

• Coherence:no context information

• Semantics:No semantic representation. But looks like human conversation

 Relations to Other Fields
• Philosophy
– Logic, methods of reasoning and
rationality.

• Mathematics
– Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability,
probabilit
(in)tractability,
y.
• Economics
– utility, decision theory (decide under uncertainty)
• Neuroscience
– neurons as information processing units.
• Psychology/Cognitive Science
– how do people behave, perceive, process information, represent
knowledge.
• Computer engineering
– building fast computers
• Control theory
– design systems that maximize an objective function over time
• Linguistics
– knowledge representation, grammar

Artificial Intelligence 34
 AI History
• Gestation of AI (1934 - 1955)
– In 1943, proposed a binary-based model of neurons
– Any computable function can be modeled by a set of neurons
– A serious attempt to model brain
– 1950, Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence ”: turing test,
reinforcement learning and machine learning
• The Inception of AI (1956)
– Dartmouth meeting to study AI
– an AI program ”Logic Theorist” to prove many theorems
• Early Enthusiasm and great Expectation (1952-1969)
– General Problem Solver imitates the human way of thinking
– LISP (AI programming language) was defined
– 1965, Robinson discovered the resolution method – logical
reasoning
• AI Winter (1966-1973)
– Computational intractability of many AI problems
– Neural Network starts to disappear
 AI History
• Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)
– Use domain knowledge to allow for stronger reasoning
• Becomes an Industry (1980-now)
– Digital Equipment Corporation selling R1 “expert sytem”
– From few million to billions in 8 years
• The return of neural network (1986-now)
– With the back-propagation algorithm
• AI adopts scientific method (1987-now)
– More common to base theorems on pervious ones or rigorous evidence rather
than intuition
– Speech recognition and HMM
• Emergence of intelligent agent (1995-now)
– search engines, recommender systems,….
• Availability of very large data sets (2001 – now)
– Worry more about the data
 The State of the Art
• Robotics Vehicle
– DARPA Challenge
• Speech Recognition
– United Airlines
• Autonomous Planning and Scheduling
– Remote Agent: Plan and control spacecraft
– MAPGEN: daily planning of operations on NASA’s exploration Rover
• Game Playing
– IBM Deep Blue
• Spam Fighting
• Logistic Planning
– DART – Dynamic Analysis and Replacing Tool
– Gulf War 1991
– To plan the logistic for transportation of 50k vehicles, cargo and people
– Generated in hour a plan that could take weeks
• Robotics
• Machine Translation
– Statistical models
 Agents and Environment
• An agent is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors.
• A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and
skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs,
mouth, for effectors.
• A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the
sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors.
• A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.

Artificial Intelligence 46
 Environment
• The environment is where agent lives, operate
and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it.
• Different types.
• Fully Observable vs Partially Observable
• When an agent sensor is capable to sense or access
the complete state of an agent at each point in
time, it is said to be a fully observable environment
else it is partially observable.
• Maintaining a fully observable environment is easy as
there is no need to keep track of the history of the
surrounding.
• An environment is called unobservable when the
agent has no sensors in all environments.
• Examples:
• Chess – the board is fully observable, and so are the
opponent’s
moves.
• Driving – the environment is partially observable
because
what’s around the corner is not known.
• Deterministic vs Stochastic
• When a uniqueness in the agent’s current state
completely determines the next state of the
agent, the environment is said to be
deterministic.
• The stochastic environment is random in
nature which is not unique and cannot be
completely determined by the agent.
• Examples:
• Chess – there would be only a few possible
moves for a coin at the current state and these
moves can be determined.
• Self-Driving Cars- the actions of a self-driving car
are not unique, it varies time to time.
• Single-agent vs Multi-agent
• An environment consisting of only one
agent is said to be a single-agent
environment.
• A person left alone in a maze is an
example of the single-agent system.
• An environment involving more
than one agent is a multi-agent
environment.
• The game of football is multi-
agent as it involves 11 players in
each team.
• Discrete vs Continuous
• If an environment consists of a finite number of
actions that can be deliberated in the environment to
obtain the output, it is said to be a discrete
environment.
• The game of chess is discrete as it has only a finite
number of moves. The number of moves might vary
with every game, but still, it’s finite.
• The environment in which the actions are performed
cannot be numbered i.e. is not discrete, is said to be
continuous.
• Self-driving cars are an example of continuous
environments as their actions are driving, parking,
etc. which cannot be numbered.
• Percept to refer to the agent’s perceptual inputs at any given instant. An
• Percept sequence is the complete history of everything the agent has ever
perceived.
• Behavior of Agent − It is the action that agent performs after any given
sequence of percepts.
• Agent Function − It is a map from the precept sequence to an action.
• Agent Program-The agent program is a concrete implementation, running
within some physical system.
• An ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected actions to
maximize its performance measure, on the basis of −
Its percept sequence
Its built-in knowledge base
Rationality of an agent depends on the following −
• The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.
• Agent’s Percept Sequence till now.
• The agent’s prior knowledge about the environment.
• The actions that the agent can carry out.
• PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent
works upon. When we define an AI agent
or rational agent, then we can
group its properties under PEAS
representation model. It is made up of
four words:
• P: Performance measure
• E: Environment
• A: Actuators
• S: Sensors
 Self driving car

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort

Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian
Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer,
accelerometer, sonar.
 Structure of Agent
• The job of AI is to design an agent program that implements
the agent function—the mapping from percepts to actions.
agent = architecture + program
• If the program recommends actions like Walk, the
architecture had better have legs. The architecture might be
just an ordinary PC or a robotic car with several onboard
computers, cameras, and other sensors.
• Architecture= percepts from sensors+ runs the program+
feeds the program’s action choices to the actuator
• Intelligent personal assistants: These are agents that are designed to help
users with various tasks, such as scheduling appointments, sending
messages, and setting reminders. Examples of intelligent personal
assistants include Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant.
• Autonomous robots: These are agents that are designed to operate
autonomously in the physical world. They can perform tasks such as
cleaning, sorting, and delivering goods. Examples of autonomous robots
include the Roomba vacuum cleaner and the Amazon delivery robot.
• Gaming agents: These are agents that are designed to play games, either
against human opponents or other agents. Examples of gaming agents
include chess-playing agents and poker-playing agents.
• Fraud detection agents: These are agents that are designed to detect
fraudulent behavior in financial transactions. They can analyze patterns
of behavior to identify suspicious activity and alert authorities. Examples
of fraud detection agents include those used by banks and credit card
companies.
• Traffic management agents: These are agents that are designed to manage
traffic flow in cities. They can monitor traffic patterns, adjust traffic
lights, and reroute vehicles to minimize congestion. Examples of traffic
management agents include those used in smart cities around the world.
• A software agent has Keystrokes, file contents, received network packages
that act as sensors and displays on the screen, files, and sent network
packets acting as actuators.
• A Robotic agent has Cameras and infrared range finders which act as
sensors and various motors act as actuators.
 Simple Reflex
• Agents
Simple reflex agents ignore the rest of the percept history and
act only on the basis of the current percept.
• Percept history is the history of all that an agent has
perceived to date.
• The agent function is based on the condition-action rule. A
condition-action rule is a rule that maps a state i.e., a
condition to an action.
• If the condition is true, then the action is taken, else not.
 Model based reflex agent
• It works by finding a rule whose condition matches
the current situation. A model-based agent can
handle partially observable environments by the use
of a model about the world.
• The agent has to keep track of the internal
state which is adjusted by each percept and that
depends on the percept history.
• The current state is stored inside the agent which
maintains some kind of structure describing the part
of the world which cannot be seen.
Goal based agent
 Questions
• Which instruments are used
for perceiving and acting
upon the environment?
a) Sensors and Actuators
b) Sensors
c)Perceiver
d) None of the mentioned
• What is meant by agent’s
percept sequence?
a) Used to perceive the
environment
b) Complete history of
actuator
c)Complete history of
perceived things
d) None of the mentioned
• How many types of agents are
there in artificial intelligence?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
• What are the composition for
agents in artificial intelligence?
a) Program
b) Architecture
c)Both Program & Architecture
d) None of the mentioned
• Which agent deals with happy
and unhappy states?
a) Simple reflex agent
b) Model based agent
c)Learning agent
d) Utility based agent
• Agents behavior can be best
described by
a) Perception sequence
b) Agent function
c)Sensors and Actuators
d)Environment in which
agent is performing
• What could possibly be the
environment of a Satellite Image
Analysis System?
a) Computers in space and earth
b) Image categorization techniques
c)Statistical data on
image pixel intensity value
and histograms
d) All of the mentioned
• What could possibly be the
environment of a Satellite Image
Analysis System?
a) Computers in space and earth
b) Image categorization techniques
c)Statistical data on
image pixel intensity value
and histograms
d) All of the mentioned
• Who is known as the -Father of AI"?
1.Fisher Ada
2.Alan Turing
3.John McCarthy
4.Allen Newell
• The PEAS in the task environment
is about .
1.Peer, Environment, Actuators, Sense
2.Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
3.Perceiving, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
4.None of the above
• Web Crawler is an example of
.
1.Intelligent Agent
2.Problem-solving agent
3.Simple reflex agent
4.Model-based agent
• Which of the following is an
application of Artificial
Intelligence?
a)It helps to exploit
vulnerabilities to secure the
fi rm
b)Language understanding and
problem-solving (Text analytics and
NLP)
c)Easy to create a website
• The conference that launched
the AI revolution in 1956 was
held at?
a) Dartmouth
b) Harvard
c)New York
d) Stanford
• KEE is a product of

a) Teknowledge
b) IntelliCorpn
c)Texas Instruments
d) Tech knowledge
• A natural language generation
program must decide
a) what to say
b) when to say something
c)why it is being used
d)both what to say & when
to say something