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Chapter 6

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Chapter 6

Uploaded by

Quốc Thanh Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Lec.: Lưu Thanh Tùng


Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic reservoirs
A hydraulic system is closed, and the oil used is stored in a tank or reservoir
to which it is returned after use.
The volume of fluid in a tank varies according to temperature and the state
of the actuators in the system, being minimum at low temperature.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic accumulators
Figure shows a system operating intermittently at a pressure of between 150
and 200 bar, needing a flow rate of 100 l/min for 10 s at a repetition rate of 1
minute. With a simple system (pump, pressure regulator and loading valve)
this requires a 200 bar, 100 1 min -1 pump (driven by about a 50 hp motor)
which spends around 85% of its time unloading to tank.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic accumulators
Storage device called an accumulator has been added to the system. This
can store, and release, a quantity of fluid at the required system pressure. In
many respects it resembles the operation of a capacitor in an electronic
power supply.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic accumulators
Most accumulators operate by compressing a gas (although older and smaller
accumulators may work by compressing a spring or lifting a weight with a
cylinder). The most common form is the gas filled bladder accumulator shown
in Figure.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic accumulators
Accumulators are sized by Boyle's law and a knowledge of the demands of the
actuators. For the example system of Figure of slide 3, assuming a precharge of
120 bar, a charged accumulator pressure of 180 bar and a fall to a pressure to
160 bar during the removal of 17 litres of fluid: let V be volume of accumulator.
This gives us the three states illustrated in Figure to which Boyle's law can be
applied to find the required accumulator volume.
From Figure beside using Boyle's law:
1 6 0 v = 180(v - 17)
v = 153 litres
120V = 160 x 153
V = 204 litres
an accumulator of around 250 litres is required
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic accumulators

+ Accumulators can also be used to act as 'buffers' on a


system to absorb shocks and snub pressure spikes. Again
the accumulator acts in similar manner to a capacitor in an
electronic circuit.
+ An accumulator, however, brings an additional danger
into the system, as it is possible for high pressures to exist
in the circuit even though the pump has been stopped.
+ Extreme care should therefore be taken when working
on circuits with accumulators. Normally a manual or
automatic blowdown valve is included to allow the
accumulator pressure to be released. The pressure gauge
should be observed during blowdown and no work
undertaken until it is certain all pressure has been
released.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic coolers and heat exchangers


In small systems, the heat lost through reservoir walls is sufficient to keep the
oil cool, but in larger systems additional cooling is needed.
Heat loss for various tank volumes. These are only approximate as few tanks
are pure cubes
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic coolers and heat exchangers


Air cooling is also common, shown in figure, with fans blowing air through a
radiator matrix similar to those in motor cars (but, obviously, with a far higher
pressure rating). Air cooling is noisy and occupies more space than a water
cooler, but does not have the danger of contamination from leaks inside a
water cooler.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic fluids
+ The liquid in a hydraulic system is used to convey energy and produce the
required force at the actuators.
+ Very early systems used water
+ Modern fluids designed specifically for hydraulic circuits have therefore
been developed. The fluid is required to pass between the two surfaces,
holding them apart as Figure, to reduce friction and prevent metal-to-metal
contact which causes premature wear. Sealing and lubrication are therefore
two important properties of hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Hydraulic fluids
+ The fluid can cause deterioration of components. An extreme case is water
causing rust, but less obvious reactions occur. A water-glycol fluid, for
example, attacks zinc, magnesium and cadmium all fairly common materials.
+ The most common hydraulic fluid is petroleum based oil (similar to car
engine oil) with additions to improve lubrication, reduce foaming and inhibit
rust.
+ Its one major disadvantage is flammability; petroleum oils readily ignite.
Although few (if any) hydraulic systems operate at temperatures that could
ignite the oil, a major leak could bring spilt oil into contact with an ignition
source. The probability of leakage needs consideration if petroleum oils are to
be used
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Pneumatic piping, hoses and connections


+ The various end devices in a pneumatic system are linked to the air receiver
by pipes, tubes or hoses.
+ Generally, distribution is arranged as a manifold or as a ring main.
Hydraulic and pneumatic accessories

Pneumatic piping, hoses and connections


+ The pipe sizing should be chosen to keep the pressure reasonably constant
over the whole system.
+ If a pneumatic system is installed as a plant service (rather than for a specific
well-defined purpose) pipe sizing should always be chosen conservatively to
allow for future developments.
+ Connections can be made by welding, threaded connections, flanges or
compression tube connectors.

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