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ShaftLectures Class2

hbjk khh

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Atalelew Zeru
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17 views

ShaftLectures Class2

hbjk khh

Uploaded by

Atalelew Zeru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1-3 Strength Constraints

The design of a shaft involves the study of


1.Stress and strength analyses: Static and Fatigue
2.Deflection and rigidity
3.Critical Speed
•List the type of stresses that are developed in the shaft
•If the component is subjected to a number
of loads in different direction, some of which
is tensile/compressive and some of which
are shear, how can we determine its failure?
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on
Shaft
The stress at an element
located on the surface of a
solid round shaft of diameter
d subjected to bending, axial
loading, and twisting is

Normal stress  32 M 4 F
x  
d 3
d2
16T
Shear stress  xy  3
d
12

  x  y    x   y 
2

Non-zero principal  A , B        xy 
2

stresses  2   2  

(1-1)
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on
Shaft

2 1/2 2 1/2
 '   A   A B   B 
2
  x  3 xy 
2
Von
Mises 4  1/2
 '  3 8M  Fd   48T 2
2
(1-2)
stress d  

A  B 1 2
Maximum  max    x  4 xy 
2 12

2 2 (1-3)
Shear
2  1/2
 3 8M  Fd   64T 2
2
Stress  max
Theory d  
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on
Shaft
Under many conditions, the axial force F in the
above Eqs. is either zero or so small that its
effect may be neglected. With F = 0, Eqs. 1-2
and 1-3 Become:

Von Mises 16 2 1/2


 '  3  4 M  3T 
2 (1-4)
stress d

Maximum
Shear
16 2 1/2
 max  3  M  T 
2 (1-5)
Stress d
Theory
Static or Quasi-Static Loading on
Shaft
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 1-4 and
1-5 we find 1/3
 16n 
d   4 M  3T 
2 2 1/2
 (1-5)
Von Mises   S y 
stress
1 16
 3 4 M  3T 
2 2 1/2
(1-6)
n  d Sy
1/3
 32n 
d   M T  
2 2 1/2
(1-7)
Maximum   S y 
Shear 1 32
 3 M  T  2 2 1/2
(1-8)
Stress n  d Sy
Theory
Characterizing Fluctuating
Stresses
 Fluctuating stresses in machinery often take the
form of a sinusoidal pattern because of the nature
of some rotating machinery.

 It has been found that in periodic patterns


exhibiting a single maximum and a single
minimum of force(the wave is not important), if
the largest force is Fmax and the smallest force is
Fmin, then a steady component and an
alternating component can be constructed as
follows:

 Fm =(Fmax + Fmin)/2 = the midrange steady


component of force
Characterizing Fluctuating
Stresses
σmin = minimum stress
σm = midrange component
σmax = maximum stress
σr = range of stress
σa = amplitude component
σs = static or steady stress

Stressratio

Amplitude Ratio

Fig.Some stress-time relations:


(a) fluctuating stress with high frequency ripple;
(b and c) non-sinusoidal fluctuating stress;
(d) sinusoidal fluctuating stress;
(e) repeated stress;
(f ) completely reversed sinusoidal stress.
Characterizing Fluctuating
Stresses
In the absence of a notch
σa and σm are equal to the nominal stresses σao and σmo induced
by loads Fa and Fm, respectively;
In the presence of a notch
σa = Kf σao and σm = Kf σmo, respectively, as long as the material
remains without plastic strain.

the method of Dowling for ductile materials, expresses the


steady stress component stress-concentration factor Kf m as
Fatigue Strength
 Bending, torsion, and axial stresses may be
present in both midrange and alternating
components.

 For analysis, it is simple enough to combine


the different types of stresses into alternating
and midrange von Mises stresses.

 It is sometimes convenient to customize the


equations specifically for shaft applications.

 Axial loads are usually comparatively very


small at critical locations where bending and
torsion dominate, so they will be left out of
the following equations.
Fatigue Strength

 The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given


by:

where Mm and Ma are the midrange and alternating bending


moments, Tm and Ta are the midrange and alternating torques,
and Kf and Kfs are the fatigue stress concentration factors for
bending and torsion, respectively.
Shaft stresses

◊ Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate


geometry terms can be introduced for c, I, and J resulting in
Combining these stresses in accordance with the
distortion energy failure theory, the von Mises
stresses for rotating round, solid shafts, neglecting
axial loads, are given by:

Note that the stress-concentration factors are sometimes


considered optional for the midrange components with
ductile materials, because of the capacity of the ductile
material to yield locally at the discontinuity.
•These equivalent alternating and midrange stresses can
be evaluated using an appropriate failure curve on the
modified Goodman diagram (See Sec. 6–12, p. 303, and
Fig. 6–27).
•the fatigue failure criteria for the modified Goodman line
as expressed previously in Eq. (6–46) is

CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 14
•Similar expressions can be obtained for
any of the common failure criteria by
substituting the von Mises stresses from
Eqs. (7–5) and (7–6) into any of the failure
criteria expressed by Eqs. (6–45) through
(6–48), p. 306.

CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 15
CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 16
CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 17
For a rotating shaft with constant bending and torsion, the
bending stress is completely reversed and the torsion is steady.
Equations (7–7) through (7–14) can be simplified by setting
Mm and Ta equal to 0, which simply drops out some of the
terms.

•It is always necessary to consider the possibility of


static failure in the first load cycle. The Soderberg
criteria inherently guards against yielding, as can be
seen by noting that its failure curve is conservatively
within the yield (Langer) line on Fig. 6–27, p. 305.
The ASME Elliptic also takes yielding into account,
but is not entirely conservative throughout its entire
range. This is evident by noting that it crosses the
yield line below. The Gerber and modified Goodman
criteria do not guard against yielding, requiring a
separate check for yielding. A von Mises maximum
stress is calculated for this purpose.
CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 18
CH-18 LEC 29
Slide 20
Example

Solution
Figure 7-
20

Figure 7-
21
18-
22

18-14 18- Solderberg


24

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