Earth

and
Life
Science
 Universe
and the
Solar System
 OBJECTIVES:
1.STATE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES EXPLAINING THE
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE.
2.DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES EXPLAINING
THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
 WHERE DOES
THE UNIVERSE
COME FROM?
 Huge
Explosion

Magic Dust Atomic

Particles
THEORIES ON THE
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
 Beliefs According to Religion

 Greek Philosophers (5th – 3rd

Century B.C.E)

 Modern Philosophers
 BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
• CHRISTIANS •Hindus
 BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
CHRISTIANS – THEY BELIEVED
THAT GOD SEPARATED LIGHT FROM
DARKNESS, CREATED SKY, LAND,
SEA, MOON, STARS, AND EVERY
LIVING CREATURE IN A SPAN OF
SIX DAYS.
–A NARRATIVE FROM GENESIS
(HEBREW BIBLE AND THE
CHRISTIAN OLD TESTAMENT).
 BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION:
1 ST
DAY
CHRISTIANS
2nd
day 3 day
rd

6
th
day 5th day 4th day
 BELIEFS ACCORDING TO RELIGION:
CHRISTIANS
• 1ST DAY – LIGHT WAS CREATED
• 2ND DAY – THE SKY WAS CREATED
• 3RD DAY – DRY LAND, SEAS, PLANTS, AND TREES WERE CREATED
• 4TH DAY – THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS WERE CREATED
• 5TH DAY – CREATURES THAT LIVE IN THE SEA AND CREATURES THAT FLY WERE
CREATED
• 6TH DAY – ANIMALS THAT LIVE ON THE LAND AND FINALLY HUMANS, MADE IN THE
IMAGE OF GOD WERE CREATED
• 7TH DAY – GOD FINISHED HIS WORK OF CREATION AND RESTED, MAKING THE SEVENTH
DAY A SPECIAL HOLY DAY.
 BELIEFS ACCORDING TO
RELIGION
• HINDUS – RIGVEDA (COLLECTION OF VEDAS),
DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS A “COSMIC EGG” OR
BRAMANDA.
• MEANING IT CONTAINS THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
INCLUDING THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS, AND SPACE.
• BINDU IS THE CONCENTRATED POINT THAT
EXPANDS AND EVENTUALLY COLLAPSES AGAIN.
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD CENTURY
B.C.E)
ANAXAGORAS

LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS

STOIC PHILOSOPHERS
 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD
CENTURY B.C.E)
• ANAXAGORAS – “PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE”

–ACCORDING TO HIM, THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF A DIFFERENT MIXTURE OF

ALL INGREDIENTS IN A SMALL FRAGMENT. –MIXTURE WAS
SET IN MOTION CALLED “NOUS” OR MIND. –THIS WHIRLING
MOTION SHIFTED AND SEPARATED THE INGREDIENTS INTO A COSMOS OF
SEPARATE MATERIAL OBJECTS.
 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD
CENTURY B.C.E)
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS

• “ATOMIC UNIVERSE”
• THEY STATED THAT UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF
VERY SMALL, INDIVISIBLE AND INDESTRUCTIBLE
ATOMS.
 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS (5TH – 3RD
CENTURY B.C.E)
• STOIC PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE

• UNIVERSE IS LIKE A GIANT LIVING BODY, WITH SUN AND

THE STARS AS THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS TO WHICH
ALL THE OTHER PARTS ARE INTERCONNECTED.
MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
RENE DESCARTES
ISAAC NEWTON
ALBERT EINSTEIN
EDWIN HUBBLE
ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON
GEORGE HENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE
FRED HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD AND HERMAN
BONDI
ANDREI LINDE
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• RENE DESCARTES – THE VACUUM OF SPACE WAS
NOT EMPTY AT ALLBUT WAS FILLED WITH MATTER
THAT SWIRLED
• – HIS MODEL INVOLVED A SYSTEM OF HUGE
SWIRLING WHIRLPOOLS OF FINE MATTER
PRODUCING WHAT WOULD LATER BE CALLED
GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ISAAC NEWTON – DESCRIBED THE UNIVERSE AS A
STATIC, STEADY-STATE INFINITE UNIVERSE. (PRINCIPIA
BOOK)
• – MATTER ON A LARGE SCALE IS UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED AND THE UNIVERSE IS GRAVITATIONALLY
BALANCED BUT ESSENTIALLY UNSTABLE.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ALBERT EINSTEIN – EXPLAINED THE UNIVERSE
THROUGH HIS THEORY OF RELATIVITY WHICH HAS
THE SAME THOUGHT AS ISAAC NEWTON.
• – ADDED A COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT TO HIS
GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EQUATIONS TO
COUNTERACT THE DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF GRAVITY,
WHICH WILL CAUSE THE UNIVERSE TO COLLAPSE.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• EDWIN HUBBLE – 1929, SHOWED THAT THE UNIVERSE
WAS NOT STATIC THROUGH HIS TELESCOPE.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ARNO PENZIAS AND ROBERT WILSON

– 1965, DISCOVERED THE COSMIC MICROWAVE

BACKGROUND RADIATION.
– THE BIG BANG THEORY HAS BEEN THE MAINSTREAM
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• GEORGE HENRI JOSEPH EDOUARD LEMAITRE – BIG
BANG THEORY (1927)
• – THEORY DESCRIBES THE UNIVERSE AS ORIGINATING FROM AN
INFINITELY TINY, INFINITELY DENSE POINT OF SINGULARITY
BETWEEN 13 – 14 BILLION YEARS AGO. THE OSCILLATING
UNIVERSE FOLLOWED THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
EQUATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE WITH POSITIVE CURVATURE. THIS
CURVATURE RESULTS IN THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING FOR A TIME
AND THEN CONTRACTING DUE TO THE PULL OF ITS GRAVITY IN A
PERPETUAL CYCLE OF THE BIG BANG FOLLOWED, IN TIME, BY THE
BIG CRUNCH.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• FRED HOYLE, THOMAS GOLD, AND HERMAN BONDI
– STEADY STATE THEORY
– PREDICTED A UNIVERSE THAT EXPANDED BUT DID NOT CHANGE
ITS DENSITY.
 MODERN PHILOSOPHERS
• ANDREI LINDE – DEVELOPED INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE
WITH HIS CHAOTIC
INFLATION THEORY IN 1983.
– STATES THAT OUR UNIVERSE IS
JUST ONE OF MANY
“BUBBLES” THAT GREW AS PART OF A MULTIVERSE.
EARTH’S FOUR
SUBSYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES
1. EXPLAIN THAT THE EARTH CONSIST OF FOUR
SUBSYSTEMS, ACROSS WHOSE BOUNDARIES
MATTER AND ENERGY FLOW.

2. IDENTIFY THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH (CRUST,

MANTLE, AND CORE).
 EARTH
• EARTH IS THE ONLY
PLANET IN THE
SOLAR SYSTEM THAT
CAN SUSTAIN LIFE
DUE TO ITS
CHARACTERISTICS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH TO SUSTAIN
LIFE.
• PRESENCE OF WATER ALLOWED FIRST
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS TO THRIVE.
• SUN PROVIDES HEAT FROM RADIATION, NEEDED BY
PLANTS TO CARRY ON WITH PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
• COMPONENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GASES TO SUPPORT LIFE.
 THE JOVIAN PLANETS
(the four remaining gas giants),are mainly
composed of gases.
Therefore, there is no land where organisms can live.
EARTH AND EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS
 EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS

HYDROSPH
ERE
ATMOSPHER
E

 HYDROSPHERE
• THE TOTALITY OF EARTH’S WATER
• ABOUT 78% OF THE EARTH IS
COVERED WITH LIQUID WATER AND
MUCH OF IT IS IN THE FORM OF
OCEAN WATER.
• ONLY 3% OF EARTH’S WATER IS
FRESH: 2/3 ARE IN THE FORM OF
ICE, AND
• THE REMAINING 1/3 IS PRESENT IN
STREAMS, LAKES, AND
GROUNDWATER.
• THE OCEANS ARE IMPORTANT SINKS
Evaporation: Sunlight heats water
bodies like oceans, lakes, and rivers,
causing water molecules to gain
energy and turn into water vapor. This
vapor rises into the atmosphere

Condensation: As water vapor rises

and cools at higher altitudes, it turns
back into tiny water droplets. These
droplets combine to form clouds.

Precipitation: When the air in the

clouds becomes saturated or too cool
to hold the water droplets, they cluster
together and fall to the Earth’s surface
as precipitation. This can take the form
of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Deposition/Collection is the last

stage of the water cycle. After
precipitation, when evaporated water
 ATMOSPHERE
• THE ATMOSPHERE IS THE THIN GASEOUS LAYER THAT ENVELOPES THE
GEOSPHERE.
• THE PRESENT ATMOSPHERE IS COMPOSED OF 78% NITROGEN, 21%
OXYGEN, 0.9% ARGON, AND SMALL AMOUNT OF OTHER GASES.
• ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROCESSES BY WHICH THE HEAT ON
THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS REDISTRIBUTED IS THROUGH ATMOSPHERIC
CIRCULATION(CONVECTION).
• THERE IS ALSO CONSTANT EXCHANGE OF HEAT AND MOISTURE
BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE HYDROSPHERE THROUGH THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE OR THE WATER CYCLE.
 ATMOSPHERE
A layer of gas and
suspended solids
extending from the
Earth's surface up
many thousands of
miles, becoming
increasingly thinner
with distance but
always held by the
Earth's gravitational
pull.
Exosphere: is the outermost layer of the
atmosphere. It extends about 10,000 KM above the
earth. In this layer, atoms and molecules escape into
space and satellites orbit the earth.
Thermosphere: deals with intense amounts of heat
and radiation from the sun

Mesosphere: is the coldest region of Earth's

atmosphere, close to -100°C. It's the layer of the
atmosphere where meteors burn up into small
fragments of dust.

Stratosphere: composed primarily of nitrogen

and oxygen. It also consists of a layer known as
the ozone layer, a blanket of ozone that absorbs
harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun

Troposphere the lowest layer of the Earth's

atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth's
surface
 BIOSPHERE
• THE BIOSPHERE IS THE SET OF ALL LIFE
FORMS ON EARTH.
• IT INCLUDES ALL OF THE MICROBES,
PLANTS, AND ANIMALS THAT CAN BE
FOUND 1 KM ABOVE SEA LEVEL DOWN
TO THE DEEPEST PARTS OF THE
OCEANS.
• IT EXTENDS TO ANY PLACE WHERE LIFE
OF ANY KIND MIGHT EXIST.
• FOR THE MAJORITY OF LIFE ON EARTH,
THE BASE OF FOOD CHAIN COMPRISES
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS.
DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBON
DIOXIDE IS WITHDRAWN FROM THE
 BIOSPHERE: THE FLOW OF MATTER
•NITROGEN
CYCLE
•OXYGEN CYCLE
•CARBON CYCLE
•WATER CYCLE
 NITROGEN CYCLE
• THE SERIES OF THE PROCESS BY WHICH
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS ARE
INTERCONVERTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND
IN LIVING ORGANISMS.
NITROGEN CYCLE
 CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLE
• CARBON CYCLE Oxygen Cycle
• CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED BY Atmospheric oxygen is
PHOTOSYNTHETIC converted to carbon
ORGANISMS TO FORM dioxide (CO2) in animal
ORGANIC NUTRIENTS AND IS respiration and
ULTIMATELY RESTORED TO regenerated by green
THE INORGANIC STATE (AS BY plants in
RESPIRATION, PROTOPLASMIC photosynthesis.
DECAY, OR COMBUSTION).
CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLE
 WATER CYCLE
• CONTINUOUS PROCESS BY WHICH WATER IS CIRCULATED
THROUGH THE EARTH.
 GEOSPHERE
• REFERS TO THE SOLID EARTH.
• THE GEOSPHERE INCLUDES THE
ROCKS AND MINERALS ON EARTH
• THE GEOSPHERE ALSO INCLUDES
THE ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) PARTS
OF SOILS, AND THE SKELETONS OF
ANIMALS THAT MAY BECOME
FOSSILIZED OVER GEOLOGIC TIME.
 LAYERS OF THE EARTH
•CRUST
•MANTL
E
•CORE
 LAYERS OF THE EARTH: CRUST
• OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE
EARTH.
• (OCEANIC CRUST) RELATIVELY
THIN PART WHICH UNDERLIES
THE OCEAN BASINS.
• (CONTINENTAL CRUST)
RELATIVELY THICK PART THAT
FORMS THE LARGE
LANDMASSES
 LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
MANTLE
• LONGEST PART OF EARTH
(2900 KM.) MADE UP OF
MOLTEN ROCKS CALLED
MAGMA
• LOWER (HOT AND
EXHIBITS PLASTICITY)
• UPPER (RELATIVELY
RIGID)
 LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
• COMPOSED OF DENSE
CORE
METALS LIKE IRON AND
NICKEL
• THE INNER CORE (6000°C)
(1250 KM.)
• OUTER CORE (4000 –
5000°C) (2300 KM.)
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
END OF TOPIC