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Web Week6 Derivatives

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Web Week6 Derivatives

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hivik23063
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Week 6

Derivatives
The slope of the tangent line and the derivative at a point.

Slope of the secant line: Slope of tangent line

Average rate of change Instantaneous rate of change


Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y= at (2,4).
Sometimes we use an “h” notation rather than the give the following
definition:

DEFINITION I
Non vertical tangent lines

Suppose that the function f is continuous at x= and that

a) We call the Newton quotient [the slope of the secant line]

b) the slope of the tangent line to f at .

The equation of the tangent line becomes y=m(x-)+.


Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y= at (1,1).
Find also the equation of the normal at the same point.
Example 2.
Consider the graph of the function f(x) =
Find the limit as x goes to zero of the Newton quotient
Example
Consider the function f(x) = . Find the limit of the Newton quotient at x=0 and x=1.
Definition 2 :Vertical tangents

If f is continuous at P = (x0, y0) where y0 = f(x0) and if either

or )

Then the vertical line x= x0 is tangent to the graph y=f(x) at P.

If the limit of the Newton quotient fails to exist in any other way than by being
the the function doesn’t have a tangent line at P.
Example
Does the graph of y= have a tangent line at x=0? What about at x = 1?
Example
Find the slope of the curve y= x/(3x + 2) at the point x = -2.
Example
Find the equations of the straight lines that are tangent and normal
to the curve y= at (4,2).
Definition of the derivative

The derivative of a function f is another function


defined by

(x)=
at all points x for which the limit exists (i.e is a
Finite real number).

If (x) exists. We say that f is differentiable at x.


Example:
Use the definition of the derivative to calculate the derivatives of the functions

a)f(x) = 3x + 5 (b) g(x) = c) k(x)= (slide 11)

a)f(x) =3x + 5
(b) g(x) =
IMPORTANT
c) k(x)=
Note that domain of f(x) is x>0

We derived on slide 11 that the derivative of f(x) = was

Consider now =

Since the right limit is not finite there is no derivative at


x=0. The graph has a vertical tangent at the origin.
Example 2
Finding the derivative of cosx by using the definition
=
= using the expansion formula for cos (x+y)
Collecting terms you get

=
cosx - sinx
The limit on the left is equal to zero
The limit on the right is equal to 1

Hence we get the derivative of f(x) = cos x =


IMPORTANT: “ Given the limit expression of a derivative
function you should be able to recognize which function is the function in question”.

Example
Given (x) =
Find f(x) and x0
Example

Given (x) = Find f(x) and x0.


Derivatives of some elementary functions

Function Derivative
Constant 0
x 1
n
sinx cosx
cosx -sinx
tanx x

lnx 1/x
Leibnitz Notation
Differentiability
A function is differentiable at x=a if
exists.
Consider the function f(x) = x 1/3. Determine whether it is differentiable
differentiable at x=0
=
= = =
Hence the function is not differentiable at x=0 since the limit does
not exist. [Note that this corresponds to a vertical tangent line]
Let f(x) = f(x) = . Is the function differentiable at x=0?

What about the differentiability of f(x) = at x= 1?


What about the differentiability of f(x) = at x=2
Continuity and Differentiability
Something to note about the previous examples is that they are all continuous at the
particular point but they are not differentiable.

Theorem I
Differentiability implies continuity but the converse is not true.
What does the theorem say?
It says that if a function has a derivative at x=a, then it has to be continuous at that
point.
However, continuity does not necessarily imply differentiability. That is there are
continuous functions which are not differentiable at some points, like the examples
above.
Example
Let f be defined as
f(x) =

a) Determine whether f(x) is continuous at x=0.

b) Determine whether f(x) is differentiable at x=0.


Consider f(x) =

Which of the following is true

a) Continuous but not differentiable c) Differentiable but not continuous

d) The limit exists but not continuous


b) Not continuous and not differentiable
Rules of Differentiation
Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions of x and c be a constant, then

(c) = 0

(cf) = c (f) = c(x)

(f + g) = (x) + (x) (the same for the difference)

(fg) = (x)g(x) + f(x) (x)

(f/g) =
1. Show that d/dx [ ] =-

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions

a. y =
Derivative examples continued

a) y =

b) y= +
Example
Find if y = (2 + )(3 - )
Example

Find the parabola with equation y = +bx whose tangent line at


(1,1) has equation y= 3x – 2.
Determining continuity and differentiability by using the
derivative function

Example
Suppose the function g(x) is defined by:

If g is differentiable at x=3 what are the values of k and m.


{
𝑘 √ 𝑥 +1 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑚𝑥 +2 3< 𝑥 ≤ 5
Derivatives of trigonometric functions by using rules of differentiation

We know the derivatives of the two basic trigonometric functions:

(sinx) = cos x (cosx) = -sinx

Show that a) (tanx) = (x) b) (secx) = secx tanx


Finding higher order derivatives

We relate first derivative with velocity while the second derivative with acceleration
Example
Consider f(x) = 1/(1 + x). Find the first four derivatives of the functions
and find a general expression for the n’th derivative

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