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Post Lab Discussion Expt 4,5 and 6 (Autosaved)

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Post Lab Discussion Expt 4,5 and 6 (Autosaved)

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calimbomb2021
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Post Lab Discussion

Expt 4, 5 and 6
Experiment # 4

CARBOHYDRATES
Experiment 4 Carbohydrates
I. Chemical test for CARBOHYDRATES
1. Molisch Test
Sample Observation +/-

Violet ring between the junction of two


1. Glucose +
liquids
2. Violet ring between the junction of two
+
Galactose liquids
Violet ring between the junction of two
3. Fructose +
liquids
Violet ring between the junction of two
4. Lactose +
liquids
Violet ring between the junction of two
5. Maltose +
1. Molisch’s Test by: Hans Molisch
(α-naphthol)
 carbohydrates are dehydrated
by H2SO4 to form an aldehyde

aldehydes condenses with


molecules of α-naphthol forming

a furfural (violet or red ring)


which is seen in the junction of
the two liquids
Iodine test for carbohydrates
Add Iodine-KI reagent to a
solution or directly on a
potato or other materials
such as bread, crackers, or
flour.
A blue-black color results if
starch is present.
If starch amylose is not
present, then the color will
stay orange or yellow.
Fehling’s Test
Cu++ in tartrate solution
 test the presence for
aldehydes with available
aldehydic group, but not
ketones
 detected by reduction of
the  Fructose however reacts
deep blue solution of with Fehling‘s because
reactions are conducted
copper(II) to a red in alkaline media which
precipitate of insoluble allows fructose to
tautomerise to glucose
copper oxide.
and mannose via hex-1-
en-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.
Benedict’s Test
Coppersulfate in
citrate solution

test for simple carbohydrates. The Benedict’s test identifies


reducing sugars (monosaccharide’s and some disaccharides),
which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups.
Benedict’s solution can be used to test for the presence of
Reduction Test
sample Fehling’s (aldoses) Benedict’s ( both
(Cu++in tartrate soln) Aldose /ketose
1. Glucose brick red ppt (+) brick red ppt
2. Galactose brick red ppt (+) brick red ppt
+ (fructose brick red ppt
3. Fructose tautomerizes to
glucose)
4. Lactose brick red ppt brick red ppt
5. Maltose +brick red ppt brick red ppt
6. Sucrose - -
7. Starch - -
8. Cellulose - -
Hydrolysis
Sucrose Hydrolyzed Unhydrolyzed
Observation Observation
Benedicts Brick red ppt + No change -

Starch Hydrolyzed Unhydrolyzed

Benedict’s Brick red ppt + No change -


Fehling’s Brick red ppt + No change -
Iodine No reaction - Dark blue soln +
Experiment No. 9

Lipids
Lipids
• Physical Properties:

Feel
Physical
Sample lipid odor color between
state
fingers
oily /
Lard Oil like white solid
slippery
Cottonseed oily /
Oil like yellowish liquid
oil slippery
Typical oily /
Butter yellowish solid
butter slippery

oily /
Coconut oil Oil like yellowish liquid
slippery

Sweet
Margarine yellow solid oily
aroma
Qualitative test for lipids
• Solubility test

chlorofor
sample ethanol ether water
m
(cold)

Cocon
+ +++ +++ -
ut
Spotting effect/translucent spot
• Ethanol-------------------2nd Translucent
• Ether-----------------------1st
phenomenon:
• Coconut oil--------------3rd When oil is in contact with
materials like paper,
penetrates the material
through and through.
Ethanol and alcohol absorbs
heat and evaporate
ether ethanol Oil cannot absorb enough
heat to make it evaporate
When light hit the spot it
Coconut diffracts light.
oil
Emulsification
• Water and oil are not miscible even when shaken
but with the aid of soap oil dissolves in water.
• Bile is an emulsifying agent and like soap it will
facilitate dissolution of oil in water
• Inside the system lipids are first dissolved in water
so that enzymes can act on it.
Acrolein test
 is used to detect the presence of glycerol or fat.
When fat is treated strongly in the presence of a dehydrating agent
like potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the glycerol portion of the
molecule is dehydrated to form an unsaturated
aldehyde, acrolein that has a pungent irritating odour.
Results of acrolein
Observation +/-
Coconut oil Burnt Fat odor +

Glycerol Burnt Fat odor +

Oleic -
Saponification process
- alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

 Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of


long chain fatty acids.
 When triglycerides in fat/oil react with
aqueous
NaOH or KOH, they are converted into
soap and
glycerol.
Formation of insoluble soap

• CH3(CH2)nCOONa + CaCl2 CH3(CH2)nCOO)2Ca + NaCl

• CH3(CH2)nCOONa + MgSO4 (CH3(CH2)nCOO)2Mg + Na2SO4


Test for cholesterol
Liebermann-Buchard
• acetic anhydride test is used for
the detection of cholesterol.
The formation of a green or green-
blue colour after a few minutes is
positive.
Salkowski’s test
• carried out using Salkowski's
reagent (1 ml of 0.5 M FeCl3 +
50 ml of 35 % perchloric acid ). It is used for colorimetric
estimation of indole derivates, it produces pink colour. A
trace of hydrogen peroxide induces the oxidation reaction
which produces the colour and hastening its intensity.
Experiment #6

Nucleic acid
Components
Benedict’sTest
Cu++ in citrate solution
 test the presence for
monosccharide/reducing
sugars
 detected by reduction of
the
deep blue solution of
copper(II) to a red
precipitate of insoluble
copper oxide.
Orcinol test
Is a tests for pentoses.
Test reagent dehydrates the
pentoses to form furfural which
reacts with orcinol(FeCl3/H2O).
The iron ion in the test reagent will
produce a bluish product(DNA) to
green(RNA) and precipitate may also
form.
Ammonium molybdate test
for inorganic phosphate
• Hydrolysis reaction with H2SO4 and addition of
(NH4)6Mo7O24
• Yellow precipitate

Test for N-bases in


• Hydrolysis ofRNA
N-β-glycosidic bond
• White /tan flocculent ppt
RNA
DNA

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