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7 views

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

russelparagas5
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics in the Modern

World
Nature of Mathematics
• is undisputedly the chief driving force that has propelled the evolution
of a highly sophisticated world and lifestyle
• man always been relying on the value of mathematics in simple daily
operations
• And many more…
Mathematics in our World
Chapter 1
Patterns and Numbers in
Nature and the World
Section 1.1
Patterns
• are core topics in mathematics
• also known as the science of patterns

2 types of Patterns
• Numeric
• Geometric
Numeric
Abstract

• they may be perceived, numbers and number patterns dominate most of


human endeavors.
➢Example:
31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16…


• Introduce by Leonardo
Pisano (A.K.A. Fibonacci)
• started with a newly-born
pair (male and female) of
rabbits which are able to
mate after one month.
• Then another month of
gestation will produce
exactly one pair (also male
and female) of rabbit and so
on…

Fibonacci sequence
Geometric
Shapes
• occur naturally like the vibrant designs of
flowers and leaves of certain plants and the
fascinating designs in the skin of some
animals.
• also man-made patterns such as the
symmetric designs of bridge supports, wind
mills, house roofs and many others.
In the Philippines…
One of the most prominent tourist attractions is the Mayon Volcano.
In southern part of
the country…
• artistry and abstraction is best exhibited in the
intricate designs found in the textile products and
architectural designs and ornamentations.
• These designs are themselves concrete testaments
not only of the rich cultural heritage but also to the
mathematical ingenuity of Filipinos.
• these designs have established links with
mathematics, giving birth to what is known as
ethnomathematics.
Modelling the Patterns to
Address Issues in Nature and
in the World
Section 1.2
Acceleration
• it is not a fundamental quantity, such as length or mass; it is a rate of change.
• it is a "second order" rate of change-that is, a rate of change of a rate of change
• is the rate of change of velocity.
• Example:
• If the car's velocity increases from sixty miles per hour to sixty-five miles
per hour, it has accelerated by a definite amount.
• That amount depends not only on the initial and final speeds, but on how
quickly the change takes place.
• is a rate of change of a rate of change.
The
Section 1.3.
Indispensability
of Mathematics
Mathematical calculation

• Occurs through procedures


• The units of measurement are employed to substances in physics as
frequently as in mathematics.
• The Chare’s law of expansion of gases is based upon mathematical
calculations.
• Graduation of the stem of thermometer and then the conversion of scales is
also a mathematical work.
In mathematical physics…

• some basic axioms about mass, momentum, energy, force, temperature,


heat etc. are abstracted, from observations and physical experiments and
then the techniques of abstraction, generalization and logical deduction are
used. It is the branch of mathematical analysis that emphasizes tools and
techniques of particular use to physicists and engineers.
• a particle is a point-like, perfectly
rigid, solid object. Particle
mechanics deals with the results
of subjecting particles to forces. It
includes celestial mechanics —
the study of the motion of
celestial objects.
• The role of Space Dynamics is
very important in mechanics.
• Here we have to consider the
trajectories which are time-
optimal i.e. which take the least
time in going from one point to
another and in which the object
starts and reaches the destination
with zero velocity.

In mathematics…
Civil and mechanical engineers…

• still base their models on this work, and numerical analysis is one of their
basic tools.
• In the 19th century, phenomena involving heat, electricity, and magnetism
were successfully modeled; and in the 20th century, relativistic mechanics,
quantum mechanics, and other theoretical constructs were created to
extend and improve the applicability of earlier ideas.
Fluid Dynamics
• is also very important in Atmospheric Sciences, in dynamic
meteorology and weather prediction.
• Another use in the study of diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere
• Example:
• to find out what proportion of pollutants emitted from
chimneys or refineries reach hospitals and other buildings. It
is also needed for the study of effect of leakages of
poisonous gases.
In Pharmaceutical companies…
• require teams of mathematicians to work on clinical data about the
effectiveness or dangers of new drugs.
• Pure scientific research in chemistry and biology also needs
mathematicians, particularly those with higher degrees in computer
science, to help develop models of complicated processes
• All chemical combinations and their equations are governed by
certain mathematical laws.
Biomathematics
• is a rich fertile field with open, challenging and fascination problems
in the areas of mathematical genetics, mathematical ecology,
mathematical neuron- physiology, development of computer software
for special biological and medical problems, mathematical theory of
epidemics, use of mathematical programming and reliability theory in
biosciences and mathematical problems in biomechanics,
bioengineering and bioelectronics.
In Population Dynamics…

• we study deterministic and stochastic models for growth of population of


micro-organisms and animals, subject to given laws of birth, death,
immigration and emigration. The models are in terms of differential
equations, difference equations, differential difference equations and
integral equations.
• we study flows of blood and other fluids in the
complicated network of cardiovascular and other
systems.
• We also study the flow of oxygen through lung airways
and arteries to individual cells of the human or animal
body and the flow of synovial fluid in human joints.

In Internal physiological Fluid


Dynamics…
In Mathematical Ecology…

• we study the prey predator models and models where species in


geographical space are considered.
• Epidemic models for controlling epidemics in plants and animals are
considered and the various mathematical models pest control is critically
examined.
In Mathematical Genetics…
• we study the inheritance of genetic characteristics from generation to
generation and the method for genetically improving plant and animal
species. Decoding of the genetic code and research in genetic
engineering involve considerable mathematical modeling.
In Drug kinetics…

• we study the spread of drugs in the various compartments of the human


body.
• In mathematical models for cancer and other diseases, we develop
mathematical models for the study of the comparative effects of various
treatments.
• Solid Biomechanics deals with the stress and strain in muscles and bones,
with fractures and injuries in skulls etc. and is very complex because of non
symmetrical shapes and the composite structures of these substances.
In Pollution Control Models…

• we study how to obtain maximum reduction in pollution levels in air, water


or noise with a given expenditure or how to obtain a given reduction in
pollution with minimum cost.
• Interesting non- conventional mathematical programming problems arise
here.
Agriculture

• as a science is going to depend extensively on mathematics.


• It needs a direct application of mathematics, such as, measurement of land
or area, average investment and expenditure, average return or income,
production per unit area, cost of labour, time and work, seed rate etc.
• Progress of the farm can be judged by drawing graphs of different items of
production.

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