Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects

1
 Motivations
You see the advantages of object-oriented programming
from the preceding chapter. This chapter will demonstrate
how to solve problems using the object-oriented paradigm.

2
 Objectives
 To apply class abstraction to develop software (§10.2).
 To explore the differences between the procedural paradigm and object-
oriented paradigm (§10.3).
 To discover the relationships between classes (§10.4).
 To design programs using the object-oriented paradigm (§§10.5–10.6).
 To create objects for primitive values using the wrapper classes (Byte,
Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double, Character, and Boolean) (§10.7).
 To simplify programming using automatic conversion between primitive
types and wrapper class types (§10.8).
 To use the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes for computing very large
numbers with arbitrary precisions (§10.9).
 To use the String class to process immutable strings (§10.10).
 To use the StringBuilder and StringBuffer classes to process mutable
strings (§10.11).

3
 Class Abstraction and Encapsulation
Class abstraction means to separate class implementation
from the use of the class. The creator of the class provides
a description of the class and let the user know how the
class can be used. The user of the class does not need to
know how the class is implemented. The detail of
implementation is encapsulated and hidden from the user.

Class implementation Class Contract

is like a black box (Signatures of Clients use the
hidden from the clients
Class public methods and class through the
public constants) contract of the class

4
 Designing the Loan Class
Loan
-annualInterestRate: double The annual interest rate of the loan (default: 2.5).
-numberOfYears: int The number of years for the loan (default: 1)
-loanAmount: double The loan amount (default: 1000).
-loanDate: Date The date this loan was created.

+Loan() Constructs a default Loan object.

+Loan(annualInterestRate: double, Constructs a loan with specified interest rate, years, and
numberOfYears: int, loan amount.
loanAmount: double)
+getAnnualInterestRate(): double Returns the annual interest rate of this loan.
+getNumberOfYears(): int Returns the number of the years of this loan.
+getLoanAmount(): double Returns the amount of this loan.
+getLoanDate(): Date Returns the date of the creation of this loan.
+setAnnualInterestRate( Sets a new annual interest rate to this loan.
annualInterestRate: double): void
+setNumberOfYears( Sets a new number of years to this loan.
numberOfYears: int): void
+setLoanAmount( Sets a new amount to this loan.
loanAmount: double): void
+getMonthlyPayment(): double Returns the monthly payment of this loan.
+getTotalPayment(): double Returns the total payment of this loan.

Loan TestLoanClass Run

5
 Object-Oriented Thinking
Chapters 1-8 introduced fundamental programming
techniques for problem solving using loops, methods, and
arrays. The studies of these techniques lay a solid
foundation for object-oriented programming. Classes
provide more flexibility and modularity for building
reusable software. This section improves the solution for a
problem introduced in Chapter 3 using the object-oriented
approach. From the improvements, you will gain the
insight on the differences between the procedural
programming and object-oriented programming and see
the benefits of developing reusable code using objects and
classes.

6
 The BMI Class
The get methods for these data fields are
provided in the class, but omitted in the
UML diagram for brevity.
BMI
-name: String The name of the person.
-age: int The age of the person.
-weight: double The weight of the person in pounds.
-height: double The height of the person in inches.

+BMI(name: String, age: int, weight: Creates a BMI object with the specified
double, height: double) name, age, weight, and height.
+BMI(name: String, weight: double, Creates a BMI object with the specified
height: double) name, weight, height, and a default age
20.
+getBMI(): double Returns the BMI
+getStatus(): String Returns the BMI status (e.g., normal,
overweight, etc.)

BMI UseBMIClass Run

7
 Object Composition
Composition is actually a special case of the aggregation
relationship. Aggregation models has-a relationships and
represents an ownership relationship between two objects.
The owner object is called an aggregating object and its
class an aggregating class. The subject object is called an
aggregated object and its class an aggregated class.

8
 Class Representation
An aggregation relationship is usually represented as a data
field in the aggregating class. For example, the relationship
in Figure 10.6 can be represented as follows:

public class Name { public class Student { public class Address {

... private Name name; ...
} private Address address; }

...
}

Aggregated class Aggregating class Aggregated class

9
 Aggregation or Composition
Since aggregation and composition
relationships are represented using classes in
similar ways, many texts don’t differentiate
them and call both compositions.

10
 Aggregation Between Same Class
Aggregation may exist between objects of the same class.
For example, a person may have a supervisor.
1
Person
Supervisor
1

public class Person {

// The type for the data is the class itself
private Person supervisor;
...
}

11
 Aggregation Between Same Class
What happens if a person has several supervisors?

1
Person
Supervisor
m

public class Person {

...
private Person[] supervisors;
}

12
 Example: The Course Class
Course
-courseName: String The name of the course.
-students: String[] An array to store the students for the course.
-numberOfStudents: int The number of students (default: 0).
+Course(courseName: String) Creates a course with the specified name.
+getCourseName(): String Returns the course name.
+addStudent(student: String): void Adds a new student to the course.
+dropStudent(student: String): void Drops a student from the course.
+getStudents(): String[] Returns the students in the course.
+getNumberOfStudents(): int Returns the number of students in the course.

Course TestCourse Run

13
 Example: The
StackOfIntegers Class
StackOfIntegers
-elements: int[] An array to store integers in the stack.
-size: int The number of integers in the stack.
+StackOfIntegers() Constructs an empty stack with a default capacity of 16.
+StackOfIntegers(capacity: int) Constructs an empty stack with a specified capacity.
+empty(): boolean Returns true if the stack is empty.
+peek(): int Returns the integer at the top of the stack without
removing it from the stack.
+push(value: int): int Stores an integer into the top of the stack.
+pop(): int Removes the integer at the top of the stack and returns it.
+getSize(): int Returns the number of elements in the stack.

TestStackOfIntegers Run
14
Designing the StackOfIntegers Class

15
 Implementing
StackOfIntegers Class

StackOfIntegers
16
 Wrapper Classes
 Boolean  NOTE: (1) The wrapper classes do
Integer
not have no-arg constructors. (2)
  Long
Character The instances of all wrapper
 classes are immutable, i.e., their
 Short Float internal values cannot be changed
  Double once the objects are created.
Byte

17
 The Integer and Double Classes
java.lang.Integer java.lang.Double
-value: int -value: double
+MAX_VALUE: int +MAX_VALUE: double
+MIN_VALUE: int +MIN_VALUE: double

+Integer(value: int) +Double(value: double)

+Integer(s: String) +Double(s: String)
+byteValue(): byte +byteValue(): byte
+shortValue(): short +shortValue(): short
+intValue(): int +intValue(): int
+longVlaue(): long +longVlaue(): long
+floatValue(): float +floatValue(): float
+doubleValue():double +doubleValue():double
+compareTo(o: Integer): int +compareTo(o: Double): int
+toString(): String +toString(): String
+valueOf(s: String): Integer +valueOf(s: String): Double
+valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Integer +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Double
+parseInt(s: String): int +parseDouble(s: String): double
+parseInt(s: String, radix: int): int +parseDouble(s: String, radix: int): double

18
 The Integer Class
and the Double Class
 Constructors

 Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE

 Conversion Methods

19
Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors
You can construct a wrapper object either from a
primitive data type value or from a string
representing the numeric value. The constructors
for Integer and Double are:
public Integer(int value)
public Integer(String s)
public Double(double value)
public Double(String s)

20
Numeric Wrapper Class Constants
Each numerical wrapper class has the constants
MAX_VALUE and MIN_VALUE. MAX_VALUE
represents the maximum value of the corresponding
primitive data type. For Byte, Short, Integer, and Long,
MIN_VALUE represents the minimum byte, short, int,
and long values. For Float and Double, MIN_VALUE
represents the minimum positive float and double values.
The following statements display the maximum integer
(2,147,483,647), the minimum positive float (1.4E-45),
and the maximum double floating-point number
(1.79769313486231570e+308d).

21
 Conversion Methods
Each numeric wrapper class implements the
abstract methods doubleValue, floatValue,
intValue, longValue, and shortValue, which
are defined in the Number class. These
methods “convert” objects into primitive
type values.

22
 The Static valueOf Methods
The numeric wrapper classes have a useful
class method, valueOf(String s). This method
creates a new object initialized to the value
represented by the specified string. For
example:

Double doubleObject = Double.valueOf("12.4");

Integer integerObject = Integer.valueOf("12");

23
The Methods for Parsing Strings into
Numbers
You have used the parseInt method in the
Integer class to parse a numeric string into an
int value and the parseDouble method in the
Double class to parse a numeric string into a
double value. Each numeric wrapper class
has two overloaded parsing methods to parse
a numeric string into an appropriate numeric
value.
24
 Automatic Conversion Between Primitive
Types and Wrapper Class Types

JDK 1.5 allows primitive type and wrapper classes to be converted automatically. For
example, the following statement in (a) can be simplified as in (b):

Equivalent
Integer[] intArray = {new Integer(2), Integer[] intArray = {2, 4, 3};
new Integer(4), new Integer(3)};

(a) New JDK 1.5 boxing (b)

Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3};

System.out.println(intArray[0] + intArray[1] + intArray[2]);

Unboxing

25
 BigInteger and BigDecimal
If you need to compute with very large integers or
high precision floating-point values, you can use
the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes in the
java.math package. Both are immutable. Both
extend the Number class and implement the
Comparable interface.

26
 BigInteger and BigDecimal
BigInteger a = new BigInteger("9223372036854775807");
BigInteger b = new BigInteger("2");
BigInteger c = a.multiply(b); // 9223372036854775807 * 2
System.out.println(c);

LargeFactorial Run

BigDecimal a = new BigDecimal(1.0);

BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(3);
BigDecimal c = a.divide(b, 20, BigDecimal.ROUND_UP);
System.out.println(c);
27
 The String Class
 Constructing a String:
String message = "Welcome to Java“;
String message = new String("Welcome to Java“);
String s = new String();
 Obtaining String length and Retrieving Individual Characters in
a string
 String Concatenation (concat)
 Substrings (substring(index), substring(start, end))
 Comparisons (equals, compareTo)
 String Conversions
 Finding a Character or a Substring in a String
 Conversions between Strings and Arrays
 Converting Characters and Numeric Values to Strings
28
 Constructing Strings
String newString = new String(stringLiteral);

String message = new String("Welcome to Java");

Since strings are used frequently, Java provides a

shorthand initializer for creating a string:

String message = "Welcome to Java";

29
 Strings Are Immutable
A String object is immutable; its contents cannot be changed.
Does the following code change the contents of the string?
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

30
animation

Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is

now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

31
animation

Trace Code

String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is

now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

32
 Interned Strings
Since strings are immutable and are frequently
used, to improve efficiency and save memory, the
JVM uses a unique instance for string literals with
the same character sequence. Such an instance is
called interned. For example, the following
statements:

33
 Examples
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; s1
: String
s3
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

System.out.println("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); s2 : String

System.out.println("s1 == s3 is " + (s1 == s3));
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

display A new object is created if you use the

new operator.
s1 == s is false
If you use the string initializer, no new
object is created if the interned object is
s1 == s3 is true already created.

34
animation

Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

35
 Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

36
 Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
s3
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";

s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"

37
 Replacing and Splitting Strings

java.lang.String

+replace(oldChar: char, Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this
newChar: char): String string with the new character.
+replaceFirst(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in
newString: String): String this string with the new substring.
+replaceAll(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replace all matching substrings in this
newString: String): String string with the new substring.
+split(delimiter: String): Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the
String[] delimiter.

38
 Examples
"Welcome".replace('e', 'A') returns a new string, WAlcomA.
"Welcome".replaceFirst("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcome.
"Welcome".replace("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcomAB.
"Welcome".replace("el", "AB") returns a new string,
WABcome.

39
 Splitting a String
String[] tokens = "Java#HTML#Perl".split("#", 0);
for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++)
System.out.print(tokens[i] + " ");

displays
Java HTML Perl

40
 Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
You can match, replace, or split a string by specifying a pattern.
This is an extremely useful and powerful feature, commonly
known as regular expression. Regular expression is complex to
beginning students. For this reason, two simple patterns are
used in this section. Please refer to Supplement III.F, “Regular
Expressions,” for further studies.

"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");

"Java is fun".matches("Java.*");
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*");

41
 Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
The replaceAll, replaceFirst, and split methods can be used with
a regular expression. For example, the following statement
returns a new string that replaces $, +, or # in "a+b$#c" by the
string NNN.

String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");

System.out.println(s);

Here the regular expression [$+#] specifies a pattern that

matches $, +, or #. So, the output is aNNNbNNNNNNc.

42
 Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
The following statement splits the string into an array of strings
delimited by some punctuation marks.

String[] tokens = "Java,C?C#,C++".split("[.,:;?]");

for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++)

System.out.println(tokens[i]);

43
 Convert Character and Numbers
to Strings
The String class provides several static valueOf
methods for converting a character, an array of
characters, and numeric values to strings. These
methods have the same name valueOf with
different argument types char, char[], double, long,
int, and float. For example, to convert a double
value to a string, use String.valueOf(5.44). The
return value is string consists of characters ‘5’, ‘.’,
‘4’, and ‘4’.
44
StringBuilder and StringBuffer
The StringBuilder/StringBuffer class is
an alternative to the String class. In general, a
StringBuilder/StringBuffer can be used wherever
a string is used. StringBuilder/StringBuffer is
more flexible than String. You can add, insert, or
append new contents into a string buffer, whereas
the value of a String object is fixed once the string
is created.

45
 StringBuilder Constructors
java.lang.StringBuilder

+StringBuilder() Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.

+StringBuilder(capacity: int) Constructs a string builder with the specified capacity.
+StringBuilder(s: String) Constructs a string builder with the specified string.

46
 Modifying Strings in the Builder
java.lang.StringBuilder

+append(data: char[]): StringBuilder Appends a char array into this string builder.
+append(data: char[], offset: int, len: int): Appends a subarray in data into this string builder.
StringBuilder
+append(v: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder Appends a primitive type value as a string to this
builder.
+append(s: String): StringBuilder Appends a string to this string builder.
+delete(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): Deletes characters from startIndex to endIndex.
StringBuilder
+deleteCharAt(index: int): StringBuilder Deletes a character at the specified index.
+insert(index: int, data: char[], offset: int, Inserts a subarray of the data in the array to the builder
len: int): StringBuilder at the specified index.
+insert(offset: int, data: char[]): Inserts data into this builder at the position offset.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, b: aPrimitiveType): Inserts a value converted to a string into this builder.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, s: String): StringBuilder Inserts a string into this builder at the position offset.
+replace(startIndex: int, endIndex: int, s: Replaces the characters in this builder from startIndex
String): StringBuilder to endIndex with the specified string.
+reverse(): StringBuilder Reverses the characters in the builder.
+setCharAt(index: int, ch: char): void Sets a new character at the specified index in this
builder.

47
 Examples
stringBuilder.append("Java");
stringBuilder.insert(11, "HTML and ");
stringBuilder.delete(8, 11) changes the builder to Welcome
Java.
stringBuilder.deleteCharAt(8) changes the builder to
Welcome o Java.
stringBuilder.reverse() changes the builder to avaJ ot
emocleW.
stringBuilder.replace(11, 15, "HTML")
changes the builder to Welcome to HTML.
stringBuilder.setCharAt(0, 'w') sets the builder to welcome
to Java.

48
 The toString, capacity, length,
setLength, and charAt Methods
java.lang.StringBuilder

+toString(): String Returns a string object from the string builder.

+capacity(): int Returns the capacity of this string builder.
+charAt(index: int): char Returns the character at the specified index.
+length(): int Returns the number of characters in this builder.
+setLength(newLength: int): void Sets a new length in this builder.
+substring(startIndex: int): String Returns a substring starting at startIndex.
+substring(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): Returns a substring from startIndex to endIndex-1.
String
+trimToSize(): void Reduces the storage size used for the string builder.

49
 Problem: Checking Palindromes
Ignoring Non-alphanumeric Characters

This example gives a program that counts the

number of occurrence of each letter in a string.
Assume the letters are not case-sensitive.

PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric Run

50
Appendix H
Regular Expressions
A regular expression (abbreviated regex) is a
string that describes a pattern for matching a set of
strings. Regular expression is a powerful tool for
string manipulations. You can use regular
expressions for matching, replacing, and splitting
strings.

51
Appendix H
Matching Strings
"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");

"Java is fun".matches("Java.*")
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*")
"Java is powerful".matches("Java.*")

52
Appendix H

Regular
Expression
Syntax

53
Appendix H
Replacing and Splitting Strings
java.lang.String
+matches(regex: String): boolean Returns true if this string matches the pattern.
+replaceAll(regex: String, Returns a new string that replaces all
replacement: String): String matching substrings with the replacement.
+replaceFirst(regex: String, Returns a new string that replaces the first
replacement: String): String matching substring with the replacement.
+split(regex: String): String[] Returns an array of strings consisting of the
substrings split by the matches.

54
Appendix H
Examples
String s = "Java Java Java".replaceAll("v\\w", "wi") ;

String s = "Java Java Java".replaceFirst("v\\w", "wi") ;

String[] s = "Java1HTML2Perl".split("\\d");

55