Chemistry of Transition Elements

Transition elements are found in the d-block of the

periodic table.
Transition elements form one or more stable ions with

incomplete d-orbitals.
Scandium and zinc are in the d block of the periodic

table but they are not transition elements, because their

ions do not have an incomplete d sub shell.

1 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Chemistry of Transition Elements
Scandium forms one stable ion, Sc3+, which has an

empty d sub shell.

Electron configurations, Sc: [Ar]3d14s2 → Sc3+: [Ar]

 Zinc also only forms one stable ion, Zn2+, which has a

full d sub shell.

Electron configurations, Zn: [Ar]3d104s2 → Zn2+:
[Ar]3d10

2 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 General Properties of Transition
Elements
It is important to remember that the 4s orbital is filled

before the 3d.

So, the 4s electrons are removed before the 3d

electrons.
Electron Configurations

Scandium, Sc: [Ar]3d14s2 → Sc3+: [Ar]

 Zinc, Zn2+, Zn: [Ar]3d104s2 → Zn2+: [Ar]3d10

3 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Electronic Configuration
Transition Atom electron Ion electron
element configuration configuration
Titanium Ti: [Ar]3d24s2 Ti2+ : [Ar]3d2
Vanadium V: [Ar]3d34s2 V2+ : [Ar]3d3 also
common V3+ ,V4+ &
V5+

Chromium Cr: [Ar]3d54s1 Cr3+ : [Ar]3d3 also

common Cr2+ & Cr6+

Manganese Mn: [Ar]3d54s2 Mn2+: [Ar]3d5 also

common: Mn3+, Mn4+,
Mn6+ and Mn7+

4 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Electronic Configuration Cont…d
Transition Atom electron Ion electron
element configuration configuration
Iron Fe: [Ar]3d64s2 Fe2+ : [Ar]3d6 also
common Fe3+
Cobalt Co: [Ar]3d74s2 Fe2+ : [Ar]3d7 also
common Co3+
Nickel Ni: [Ar]3d84s2 Ni2+ : [Ar]3d8 also
common Ni+

Copper Cu: [Ar]3d104s1 Cu2+: [Ar]3d10 also

common: Cu+

5 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Melting points and densities
Melting point
Transition metals have higher melting points that

metals found in the s-block, like calcium.

This is because the transition metals have the extra 3d

electrons, so metallic bonding is stronger, requiring

more energy to overcome.

6 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Melting points and densities cont...
Density
 As you go across the periodic table, nuclear charge

increases. This draws the electrons inwards slightly,

decreases the atomic radius.
 As a result, transition metals have higher densities than

metals in the s-block. Because the atoms are smaller so

atoms fit into a given volume compared with s-block metal
atoms.

7 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Variables Oxidation States
 Transition metals can exist in variable oxidation states.

 Because the electrons in the 4s and 3d orbitals have

very similar energies.

 This means that a relatively similar amount of energy

is required to gain or lose different numbers of

electrons.

8 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Formation of Complex
 They have strong complex forming tendency due to

smaller size, high charge and presence of vacant

orbitals.
 They have the ability to form complexes than metals

found in s-block like calcium.

 But, the metals found in s-block form a colorless

compound.

9 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Catalytic Properties
 Most transition metals & their compounds have good

catalytic properties. Because:

 1) They possess variable oxidation states &

 2) They provide a large surface area for the reactant

to be adsorbed.
 For example, the production of sulfuric acid is
catalyzed by vanadium oxide, V2O5 .

10 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Chemical Reactivity of Transition
metals
(a) Reaction with oxygen

• Some form oxides that adhere to the metal, protecting the

metal from further corrosion. Examples: Cr, Ni, Co.
 Some form oxides that scale off, resulting in exposure of

the metal to further corrosion. Example: Fe.

 Some noble metals do not form oxides readily.

 For examples; Au, Ag, Pt and Pd.

11 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Chemical Reactivity of Transition
metals
(b) Forming Ionic Compounds
 They can form ionic compounds with more than one

oxidation states.

(c)Forming Complex Ions

 They form complex ions through the loss of the ns

electrons before the (n – 1)d electrons, due to ns electrons

are readily lost than the (n – 1) d electrons.

12 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Chemistry of f-block Elements
Elements whose f-orbital gets filled up by electrons.

These elements have electrons (1 to 14) in the f-

orbital, (0 to 1) in the d-orbital of the penultimate

energy level and in the outermost orbital.
They are the subset of the 6th and 7th periods.

They have similar properties to d-block elements.

13 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Classifications of f-block Elements
 There are two series based on the filling up of 4f
and 5f orbitals: Lanthanides and Actinides series.

Lanthanide series :
These are 4f series of La to Lu.

Electronic configuration:[Xe] 4f1-14 5d0-1 6s2.

14 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Properties of Lanthanides
 They are soft metals with a slivery-white colour.

 Their colour dulls, and their brightness reduces rapidly

when exposed to air.

 They have m.pts ranging from 1000K to 1200K

(except Samarium, 1623K).

 They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

15 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Properties of Lanthanides
 They have commonly +3 oxidation state.

 They are non-radioactive in nature except the

Promethium,Pr.
 A decrease in atomic and ionic radii from Lanthanum

to Lutetium is observed. This is called the lanthanoid

contraction.

16 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Chemistry of Actinides
 These are 5f series of Ac to Lr.

 Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f1-14 6d0-1 7s2.

Properties
 They appear to be silvery.

 They have a radioactive nature.

 They are highly reactive and their reactivity increases

when they are finely divided.

17 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Properties of Actinides cont….d
 A decrease in atomic and ionic radii from Actinium to

Lawrencium is observed. This is called the actinoid

contraction.
 They generally exhibit an oxidation state of +3.

 However, elements belonging to the first half of series

are known to exhibit higher oxidation states quite

frequently.

18 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Similarities between Lanthanides and
Actinides
 Both have a prominent oxidation state of +3.

 They are involved in the filling of (n-2) f-orbitals.

 They are highly electropositive and very reactive in

nature.
 With an increase in atomic number, there is a decrease

in atomic and ionic size.

 Both show magnetic properties.

19 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Differences between Lanthanides and
Actinides
 Lanthanides are involved in the filling of 4f orbitals,

whereas, Actinides are involved in the filling of 5f

orbitals.
 The binding energy of 4f electrons is comparatively

less than that of 5f electrons.

 The shielding effect of 5f electrons is less effective as

compared to that of 4f electrons.

20 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Differences between Lanthanoides and
Actinides Cont…d
 The paramagnetic properties of Lanthanoides can be

easily explained, but this explanation is difficult in the

case of Actinides.

 Lanthanoides are non-radioactive in nature except

promethium, whereas, all actinides series elements are

radioactive.

21 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Differences between Lanthanoides and
Actinides Cont…d
 Lanthanoides do not have a tendency to form oxo-

cations, but, several oxo-cations of Actinides series

exist.

 The compounds formed by lanthanoides are less basic;

on the other hand, the compounds of Actinides are

highly basic.

22 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Compounds
 They are neutral compounds that contain at least one

complex ions. Eg: K3[Fe(CN)6].

 They are also known as complex compounds.

 Typically, they consist of a complex ion (inner sphere)

and counter ions (outer sphere).

 Counter ions are needed to make the compounds

neutral. These can be cations or anions.

23 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Coordination Compound’s Composition

24 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Complex Ions
 They consist of a ligand and transition metal ion.

 They can be positive, negative, or neutral. Examples;

Complex cation: [Co(NH3)6]3+

Complex Anion: [Fe(CN)6]3-

Neutral complex: [CoCl3(NH3)3]

25 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Number (CN)
 It is the number of bonds formed between the metal

ion and the ligand in the complex ions (inner sphere).

 Most of the transition element complexes have

coordination number 2, 4 or 6.
 Coordination number 4 and 6 are the most common.

26 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Compound’s Classifications
 According to the charge of the complex ions, they are

divided into neutral, anionic and cationic

complexes.
 Neutral complex is a complex ion which is neutral in

charge: [Cu(NH3)2Cl2]0, [Pt(NH3)4Br2]0.

 An anionic complex is a complex ion which is

negative in charge: K4 [Fe(CN)6]4-, Na [Ag(CN)2]-.

27 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Cont…d
 A cationic complex is a complex ion which is positive

in charge:[Cu(NH3)4]2+ Cl2,[Ag (NH3)2]+ Cl.

Ligands
 They are the species that donate a pair of electrons to

the central metal atom.

 They can be anions or cations or neutral molecules:

CN- , NH3 ,EDTA, en,NO+,etc.

28 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Ligand’s Classifications
 Based on the number of bonds they can form with

metal ion; ligands can be classified as follow.

 Monodentate

 Bidentate and

 Polydentate ligands.

29 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Ligand’s Classifications Cont…d

Monodentate Ligands
 They can form only one bond to a metal ion.
 For examples; NH3, H2O, NO2- / ONO-, etc.
 An Ambidentate ligand is a monodentate ligand
that can attach themselves to the central metal
ions through two different atoms.
 For examples, NO2- / ONO-., SCN- / NCS- ,etc.
30 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Ligand’s Classifications Cont…d
 NO2-(Nitro):bind with a metal ion through N- atom.
 ONO-(Nitrito): it binds with a metal ion through O-
donor atom.
 SCN-(Isothiocyanato): it binds with a metal ion
through N- donor atom.
 NCS-(thiocyanato): it binds with a metal ion
through S- donor atom.
31 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Ligand’s Classifications Cont…d

Bidentate Ligands
 They can form two bonds with a metal ion.
 Example: Ethylenediamine, NH2CH2CH2NH2

Polydentate Ligands
 They can form more than two bonds with a metal
ion.
 Eg:EDTA,-OOC-CH2NH2CH2CH2NH2-CH2COO-
32 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Naming Ligands In a
Complex Cpds
The names of anionic ligands end in “–o” suffix.

1) Those ending with -ide are named by replacing -ide

with suffix –o. Eg: Chloride (Cl-) – Chloro, Hydroxide
(OH-)-Hydroxo, etc.

2) Those ending with -e (-ate or -ite) are named by

replacing -e with suffix –O. Eg: Nitrate (NO3-) –

Nitrato, sulfite (SO32-) – Sulfito,etc.

33 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Naming Ligands In a
Complex Cpds
The names of cationic ligands end in “–ium” suffix.

For examples: NO+- Nitrosylium, O2+-Oxygenium, NH2-NH3+

(Hydrazinium), etc.
 The names of neutral ligands are the names of the molecules, except;

 NH3 -ammine, HO2 –aqua, CO –carbonyl & NO- nitrosyl.

34 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

35 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Coordination Compound’s Nomenclatures
 To name coordination complexes, here are some rules

forwarded by IUPAC system.

1. The cation is named before the anion (for ionic salts).

2. Ligands are named before the central metal ion in

alphabetical order (ignoring the prefixes).

3. The number of ligands present in the complex is

indicated with the prefixes.

36 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Compound’s Nomenclatures
For simple ligands use the prefixes like di- for 2, tri-

for 3,etc.
For bidentate or polydentate use the prefixes like bis-

for 2, trikis- for 3,etc., to avoid confusion (because

these ligands have already prefixes like di-, tr-, etc in
their names).

4. The metal ion is named after the ligands.

37 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Compound’s Nomenclatures
5. For anionic complex ions, the metal name is ended
with the suffix “-ate”. Eg: Chromium into Chromate.

Some metal’s name is changed into their Latin names.

 For examples; Fe (Iron)-Ferrate; Pb (Lead)-
Plumbate, Au (Gold)-Aurate, Sn(Tin)-Stannate, Ag
(Silver)-Argentate,etc.

38 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Coordination Compound’s Nomenclatures
6.The oxidation state of the metal ion is written in a
Roman numeral in parentheses (I, II, IV, etc).
 Exercise: Give IUPAC name for the following
coordination compounds or complex ions.

a) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Cl2

b) Na[Ag(CN)2]

c) K4[Fe(CN)6, (H2O)2]
39 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Coordination Compound’s Nomenclatures
 Answer:

a) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Cl2 :

TetraammineCopper (0) chloride

b) Na[Ag(CN)2] : Sodium dicyanoArgentate(I)

c) K4[Fe(CN)6, (H2O)2]:

Potasium diaquahexacyanoFerrate(II)

40 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Isomerism In Coordination Compounds
 Isomerism means a condition of having the same

formula, but different in properties.

 The compound’s that have the same formula, but

different in properties are known as isomers.

 Isomerism can be classified into two broad categories:

Structural isomerism & Stereoisomerism.

41 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Isomerism In Coordination Compounds

Structural Isomerism
 In this isomerism, isomers have different bonding

pattern.
 The most common types of structural isomerism’s are:

Linkage, Coordination, Ionization &

solvation/hydration isomerism.

42 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Structural Isomerism
i) Linkage Isomerism
 Composition of the complex ion is the same, but the

point of attachment of at least one of the ligand’s

differs.
 This type of isomerism is shown by coordination

compound’s having the ambidentate ligands.

43 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Structural Isomerism
 E.g: [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl & [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl or

pentaammine nitrito-N-Cobalt (III) chloride and

pentaammine nitrito-O-Cobalt (III) chloride.

44 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Structural Isomerism

ii) Coordination Isomerism

This type of isomerism arises from the interchange of

ligands between cationic and anionic complexes of

different metal ions present in a complex compounds.
E.g: [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6] and [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6].

45 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Structural Isomerism

iii) Ionization Isomerism

 This isomerism arise due to the exchange of ionisable

anion with an anionic ligand.

 E.g: [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4.

46 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Structural Isomerism
iv) Hydration Isomerism
 This isomerism arise due to the exchange of water

molecule with an anionic ligand.

 It has different number of water molecules in the

coordination sphere and outside it.

 E.g: [Co(H2O)6]Cl3, [Co(H2O)4Cl2]Cl·2H2O, &

[Co(H2O)3Cl3]. 3H2O .
47 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Stereoisomerism
They have the same chemical formula & chemical

bonds, but they have different spatial arrangement.

These are of two types: Geometrical & Optical

isomerism.
 Geometrical isomers are of two types: cis & trans

isomers. It is common in complexes with

Coordination number 4 & 6.

48 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism
Geometrical isomerism in complexes with
coordination number 4: Tetrahedral & Square planar
complexes.
Tetrahedral complexes do not show geometrical

isomerism.
 Square planar complexes of formula [MX2L2], (X

and L are unidentate) show geometrical isomerism.

49 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism

50 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism

51 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism
Geometrical isomerism in complexes with coordination

number 6 (Octahedral complexes):

[MX2L4] type, in which the two X ligands may be

oriented cis or trans to each other. E.g., [Co(NH3) 4Cl2]+:

52 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism
 [MX2A2] type, where X are unidentate ligands & A

are bidentate ligand, form cis and trans isomers, e.g.,

[CoCl2 (en) 2]+ .

53 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism
 [MA3X3] type: if three donor atoms of the same

ligands occupy adjacent positions at the corners of an

octahedral face, it is known as facial (fac) isomer;
 When the positions are around the meridian of the

octahedron, it is known as meridional (mer)isomer.

 E.g: [Co(NH3)3 (NO2)3 ]

54 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism

Optical Isomerism : Isomers have opposite effects on

plane-polarized light. It is shown by chiral molecules.
 The molecules or ions that cannot be superimposed are

called chiral. Eg: C(H,Br,Cl, I)-Bromo chloro iodo

methane.

55 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Stereoisomerism
 Enantiomer’s are isomers of non super imposable

mirror images. E.g, human hands:

56 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Bonding Theories of Coordination
Compounds
1. Werner’s Theory
• Since in 1893, it is the first theory that explain the
bonding in coordination complexes.
• He treated a series of coordination complexes with an
excess of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and got the silver
chloride (AgCl) precipitate as follow:
 CoCl3.6NH3 -----> 3AgCl (s)

57 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Werner’s Theory cont…d
 CoCl3.5NH3 -----> 2AgCl (s)

 CoCl3.4NH3 -----> 1AgCl (s)

 From his experiment, Werner concluded that in complexes

there were two different sorts of valency:

 Primary or ionizable valences: are ionisable and
correspond to the number of charges on the complex
ion. For example, in CoCl3.5NH3 complex, there are 2
chlorides ions that can be ionisable in aqoues solution.
58 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Werner’s Theory cont…d
 Secondary or non ionizable valences: are the
coordination number, the number of atoms directly
bonded to the metal. For example, in CoCl3.5NH3
complex, there are 6 atoms that attached to cobalt
metal ion.
 He deduced that in complex ion, the primary valence is
written outside of sphere which is contrary to secondary
valence. i.e [Co(NH3)6 ]Cl3
59 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Werner’s Theory cont…d
Limitations of Werner’s Theory:
 It does not explain why the bonds in coordination

compounds have directional properties.

 It does not explain the colour, magnetic and optical

properties of complexes.

60 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 2. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
 This theory states that the atomic orbitals are mixed to

form hybrid orbitals. The assumptions of this theory are:-

 1) Ligands form covalent-coordinate bonds to the metal.

 2) Ligands must have lone pair of electrons.

 3) Available empty orbital of suitable energy for metal for

bonding.

61 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 2. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
4) Hybrid orbitals are used for bonding (rather than

molecular orbitals).

Merits of VBT
It can explain the shape and stability of the metal

complex.
Demerits of VBT: it cannot explain the color and

magnetic properties of coordination compounds.

62 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
 Focuses on the effect of ligands on the energies of the d

orbitals of metals. It’s assumptions are:

1. Ligands are negative point charges.
2. Metal–ligand bonding is entirely ionic.
3. Based on the strength of the metal ligand bonds,the
energy of d-orbitals is altered. This maylead to a
change in magnetic properties as well as color.

63 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
Strong-field (low–spin): large splitting of d orbitals
 It produces the minimum number of unpaired
electrons. Eg: CO, CN, NH3, en, etc.

Weak-field (high–spin): small splitting of d orbitals

 It produces the maximum number of unpaired
electrons. Eg: H2O, OH -, Cl -, F -, etc.

64 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
Spectrochemical Series

 Strong–field to weak–field ligands: CN– > NO2– > en >

NH3 > H2O > OH– > F– > Cl– > Br– > I–

 The ligands such as CN–, NO2– ,etc., produce a large

splitting d-orbitals. While ligands such as Br– , I– ,etc.,

produce a small splitting d-orbitals.
 Magnitude of split for a given ligand increases as the

charge on the metal ion increases.

65 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
4. Crystal field splitting energy depends on nature of metal
ion, nature of ligands and oxidation state of the metal
ion.

5. In octahedral complexes ,when the ligand approachs to

d-orbitals, the d-orbitals are splitting to two: t2g & eg .
 The d-orbital its lobes lies b/n the axis have lower in
energy than that of d-orbital its lobes lies along the axis.

66 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
 Lobes of dxy , dyz and dxz (t2g) lie b/n the axis. While

lobes of dz2 and dx2- y2 orbitals (eg) lie along the axis.

 As a result, the t2g d-orbitals have lower energy than eg

in octahedral complexes.

67 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
In case of tetrahedral arrangements;
 None of the 3d orbitals “point at the ligands”. As a
result, difference in energy between the split d orbitals
is significantly less.
 d–orbital splitting will be opposite to that for the

octahedral arrangement.
 Weak–field case (high–spin) always applies.

68 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
The Crystal Field Diagrams for Octahedral and
Tetrahedral Complexes:

69 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)

 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
6. Color of complex ions determined by the nature of the
ligands, oxidation states of metal ions and nature of the
electronic configuration of metal ions.
 The electrons movement from one energy level to the
next energy level are responsible for color of the
complexes.
 If there is no promotion of electrons from one energy
level to another, no absorption of color.
70 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 Concept Check
1. Using the Crystal Field Model, sketch possible electron
arrangements for the following. Label one sketch as
strong field and one sketch as weak field.
a) Ni(NH3)62+

b) Fe(CN)63–

c) Co(NH3)63+

2. Between [Mn(CN)6]3– and [Mn(CN)6]4– which is more

likely to be high spin? Why?
71 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)
 First-Row Transition Metals (3d)
and Their Biological Significance

72 GSC.222 Lecture notes By Jemal.A (MSc)