BASIC OF ELECTRICAL ENG.

EE 6116
 2

LECTURE 01

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL
ENG.

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

3

Course Reflection
Questions

What are the difference

between electrical and
electronics engineering?!

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

4

Program Reflection
Questions

What is Electricity?
Why is important ?

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

 5

• In electrical engineering, we are often interested in communicating or

transferring energy from one point to another. To do this requires an
interconnection of electrical devices. Such interconnection is referred
to as an electric circuit, and each component of the circuit is known
as an element

• An electrical circuit is an interconnection of electrical

elements.
POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024
 6

NATURE OF ELECTRICITY
• We know that matter is electrical in nature i.e. it contains particles of
electricity viz. protons and electrons.
• The positive charge on a proton is equal to the negative charge on an
electron.
• If the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons in a body, the
resultant charge is zero and the body will be electrically neutral. Thus, the
paper of the book is electrically neutral
• (i.e. paper exhibits no charge) because it has the same number of protons
and electrons.
• If from a neutral body, some *electrons are removed, there occurs a deficit
of electrons in the body. Consequently, the body attains a positive charge.
• If a neutral body is supplied with electrons, there occurs an excess of
electrons. Consequently, the body attains a negative charge.
POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024
 7

ELECTRIC CURRENT

The directed flow of free electrons (or charge) is called electric current

• The copper strip has a large number of free electrons. When electric
pressure or voltage is applied, then free electrons, being negatively
charged, will start moving towards the positive terminal around the circuit
as shown in Fig. above This directed flow of electrons is called electric
11/07/2024
 8

ELECTRIC CURRENT

• The strength of electric current I is the rate of flow of electrons i.e. charge
flowing per second.

• As both charge and time are scalars, electric current is a scalar

quantity.

11/07/2024
 9

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

• The electric current may be classified into three main classes :

• Steady current. When the magnitude of current does not change
with time, it is called a steady current.
• Varying current. When the magnitude of current changes with time,
it is called a varying current.
• Alternating current. An alternating current is one whose magnitude
changes continuously with time and direction changes periodically
11/07/2024
 10

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

11/07/2024
 11

BASIC PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

• These are measurable electrical values ;electric current takes the form
of free electrons that transfer from one atom to the next.
• Thus, the more free electrons a material has, the better it conducts.
• There are three primary electrical parameters: voltage, current and
resistance
• So, when we combine the three parameters we forms a circuit types,
namely; Open circuit or closed circuit
11/07/2024
 12

 D.C CIRCUIT

 The closed path followed by direct current (d.c.) is called

a d.c. circuit.
• In a d.c. circuit, loads (i.e. Resistances) may be connected
in series or parallel or series-parallel.
• Accordingly, d.c. circuits can be classified as :
(i) Series circuits
(ii) Parallel circuits
(iii) Series-parallel circuits.

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

 13

 D.C CIRCUIT

• D.C. Series Circuit

• The d.c. circuit in which resistances are connected end to end so that
there is only one path for current to flow is called a d.c. series circuit.
• The main characteristics of a series circuit are :
• The current in each resistor is the same.
• The total resistance in the circuit is equal to the sum of
individual resistances.
• The total power dissipated in the circuit is equal to the
sum of powers dissipated in individual resistances.
POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024
 14

 D.C CIRCUIT

• D.C. Parallel Circuit

• When one end of each resistance is joined to a common
point and the
• other end of each resistance is joined to another
common point so that
• there are as many paths for current flow as the number
of resistances, it is called a parallel circuit.

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

 15

 Main Features of Parallel Circuits

• The following are the characteristics of a parallel circuit :
(i) The voltage across each resistor is the same.
(ii) The current through any resistor is inversely proportional to its
resistance.
(iii) The total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of currents
in its parallel branches.
(iv) The reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistances.

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

 16

(v) As the number of parallel branches is increased, the total

resistance of the circuit is decreased.
(vi) The total power dissipated in the circuit is equal to the sum of
powers dissipated in the individual resistances.

POWER ELECTRONICS-EE6307 11/07/2024

 17

 RESISTANCE

The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of

electric current is called its resistance.
• Since current is the flow of free electrons, resistance is
the opposition offered by the substance to the flow of free
electrons.
• This opposition occurs because atoms and molecules of
the substance obstruct the flow of these electrons.

11/07/2024
 18

 FACTORS UPON WHICH RESISTANCE DEPENDS

11/07/2024
 19

Conductance
• The reciprocal of resistance of a conductor is called its
conductance (G).

• Note Resistance in a circuit can be arranged in

difference forms to complete a circuit.

11/07/2024
 20

 TWO RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL

A frequent special case of parallel resistors is a circuit

that contains two resistances in parallel.

Aim, to obtain I,I1,I2,

11/07/2024
 21

 ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS.

• The most useful property of a parallel circuit is the fact
that potential difference has the same value between the
terminals of each branch of parallel circuit. This feature of
the parallel circuit offers the following advantages :
• (i) The appliances rated for the same voltage but
different powers can be connected in parallel without
disturbing each other’s performance. Thus a 230 V, 230
W TV receiver can be operated independently in parallel
with a 230 V, 40 W lamp.
• (ii) If a break occurs in any one of the branch circuits, it
will have no effect on other branch circuits.
11/07/2024
 22

 NOTE;
• Due to above advantages, electrical
appliances in homes are connected in
parallel. We can switch on or off any light or
appliance without affecting other lights or
appliances.

11/07/2024
  APPLICATIONS OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS.
Parallel circuits find many applications in electrical and electronic circuits. We
shall give two applications by the way of illustration.
i. Identical voltage sources may be connected in parallel to provide a greater
current capacity.
ii. The fig below shows another application for parallel connection.
A low resistor, called a shunt, is
• connected in parallel with an ammeter to increase the current
range of the meter. If shunt is not used, the ammeter is able to
measure currents up to 1 mA. However, the use of shunt
• permits to measure currents up to 1 A. Thus shunt increases the
range of the ammeter
11/07/2024
11/07/2024
  D.C. SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT

• As the name suggests, this circuit is a combination of series and

parallel circuits.
• A simple example of such a circuit is shown below.

11/07/2024
A few common applications of series-parallel circuits are given
below :
(i) In an automobile, the starting, lighting and ignition circuits are
all individual circuits joined to make a series-parallel circuit
drawing its power from one battery.
(ii) Radio and television receivers contain a number of separate
circuits such as tuning circuits, amplifiers, oscillator, detector and
picture tube circuits. Individually, they may be simple series or
parallel circuits.
However, when the receiver is considered as a whole, the result is
a series-parallel circuit. 11/07/2024