Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Tamphasana Girls' Higher Secondary School Manipur
Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Tamphasana Girls' Higher Secondary School Manipur
Chapter 17
BREATHING AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES
By
Dr. Laishram Surbala
RESPIRATION:
1. Nostrils:
Holes of nose are called
nostrils (external nares) which
leads to nasal chamber.
2. Nasal chamber:
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity into 2 nasal chambers.
The nasal chamber opens into the pharynx.
3. Pharynx
Partial pressure
Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases
As carbamino-haemoglobin
CO2 reacts directly with haemoglobin to form carbamino-
haemoglobin.
As bicarbonates
At the tissue site where partial pressure of CO 2 is high, CO2
diffuses into blood (RBCs and plasma) and reacts with water to
form carbonic acid.
This reaction is very slow in blood plasma, but occurs very
rapidly inside RBC because of the presence of carbonic
anhydrase.
CHLORIDE SHIFT
Haldane effect
Binding of O2 with haemoglobin displaces CO2 from
blood
Bohr effect Haldane effect
• Increased CO2 concentration • Binding of O2 with haemoglobin
causing dissociation of O2- displaces CO2 from blood
haemoglobin • Helps in release of CO2from
• Helps in release of O2 from arterial blood to the alveoli of lungs
blood to the tissue cells
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION:
Respiration is controlled by specialised centre present in
the brain called respiratory rhythm centre
The respiratory centre is composed of neurons present
in medulla oblongata (dorsal respiratory centre) and
pons varolli (ventral respiratory centre)
The functions of the respiratory rhythm centres are
again moderated by another centre near pons called
pneumotaxic centre
Neural signal from this pneumotaxic centre can reduce
the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the
respiratory rate
Chemosensitive area