ECONOMIC AND

POLITICAL
INTEGRATION
 REGIONAL AND
ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS/
INSTITUTIONS
 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS (ASEAN)
 August 8, 1967
 Bangkok, Thailand
 Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, and Thailand
 Brunei, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar,
Cambodia
 ASEAN VISION 2020
 Concert of Southeast Asian Nations,
outward-looking, living in peace,
stability, and prosperity, bonded
together in partnership in dynamic
development and in community of
caring societies.
 BALI CONCORD II
 First ASEAN Summit on Bali 1976
 “An ASEAN Community shall be
established comprising three pillars,
namely political and security
cooperation, economic cooperation,
and socio-cultural cooperation”
THREE PILLARS OF ASEAN
COMMUNITY
 ASEAN POLITICAL-SECURITY
COMMUNITY
 Ensures that the peoples and
Member States of ASEAN live in
peace with one another and with the
world at large in a just, democratic
and harmonious environment
 ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
 Transforms ASEAN into a stable,
prosperous, and highly competitive
region with equitable development,
and reduced poverty and socio-
economic disparities
 ASEAN SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY
 Contributes to realizing an ASEAN Community
that is people-oriented and socially responsible
with a view to achieving enduring solidarity
and unity among the peoples and Member
States of ASEAN. It seeks to forge a common
identity and build a caring and sharing society
which is inclusive and where the well-being,
livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are
enhanced.
 EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
 1951
 Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, and Netherlands
 28 EU Countries
 TRADE
 Largest trade block in the world
 Free Trade was one of its principles
 HUMANITARIAN AID
 World’s leading donor
 Supports over 120 million people
each year
 DIPLOMACY AND SECURITY
 Foster stability, security, prosperity,
democracy, fundamental freedoms,
and the rule of law at international
level
 ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION
(APEC)
 Prime Minister of Australia Bob
Hawke on January 31, 1989
 Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia,
Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, US.
 Presently has 21 members
 ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION
(APEC)
 (1991) HK, China, Taiwan
 (1993) Mexico and Papua New Guinea
 (1994) Chile
 (1998) Peru, Russia, and Vietnam
 ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION
 Operates as a cooperative,
multilateral economic and trade
forum
 Achieves its goals by promoting
dialogue and making decisions at a
consensus basis.
 APEC is not a donor organization
 NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT (NAFTA)
 January 1, 1994
 Canada, United States, and Mexico
 Supplemented by two other
regulations: North American
Agreement on Environmental
Cooperation, and North American
Agreement on Labor Cooperation
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 US, Canada, France, Germany, Spain,
UK, Italy, Turkey, Netherlands,
Sweden, Norway, Switzerland,
Greece, Portugal, Luxembourg,
Iceland, Belgium, Austria
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Organization for European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) was established
1948
 December 14, 1960 – New OECD
Convention Signing
 September 30, 1961 – OECD came
into force
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Brazil, China, and India
 Key partners – Indonesia and South
Africa
 38 member countries
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Restoring confidence in markets and
the institutions that make them
function
 Re-establish healthy public finances
as a basis for future sustainable
economic growth
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Foster and support new resources of
growth through innovation,
environmentally friendly ‘green
growth’ strategies and the
development of emerging economies
 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
 Ensure that people of all ages can
develop the skills to work
productively and satisfyingly in the
jobs of tomorrow
 4crests.com
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)
 Created at Baghdad Conference
 September 10-14, 1960
 Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
Venezuela
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)
 Secure fair and stable prices for
petroleum producers
 Regular supply to consumers
 Fair return of capital to investors
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)
 November 30, 2017 – Amendment of
the Declaration of Cooperation to
take effect in 2018
 11 NON-OPEC
 1.8 barrels/day
  THE RISE OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
 Public
International
Law or Law of
Nations
coined by
Jeremy
Bentham
 Provides methods, mechanisms, and a
common concept language to
international actors
 TRANSGOVERNMENTAL NETWORKS
 informal institutions linking
regulators, legislators, judges, and
other actors across national
boundaries to carry out various
aspects of global governance.
 TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
 Awareness, responsibility,
participation, and cultural empathy.
 THREE KINDS OF TRANSNATIONAL
ACTIVISTS ORGANIZATION:
 Transnational Social Movements
 International NGOs
 Transnational Advocacy
 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
 Helps increase business opportunities
all over the globe
 GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
 Global Governance
 The sum of laws , norms, policies
and institutions that define,
constitute, and mediate relations
among the wielders and objects of
international public power.
 WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION?
 THE
POLITICS,
POWER,
AND
PATHOLOGIE
S
OF
INTERNATIO
NAL
ORGANIZATI
ONS
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 Michael Barnett and Martha
Finnemore – International relations
scholars
 Power of Classification
 Power to Fix Meanings
 Power to Diffuse Norms
“Not created to
take mankind to
heaven, but to
save humanity
from hell”
– Dag
Hammarskjold
UN-SG (1953-1961)
 THE UNITED NATIONS
 International organization founded
in 1945
 Made up of 193 member states
 Mission and work are guided by the
purpose and principles contained in
its founding charter.
 THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER
 June 26, 1945 in San Francisco
 Came into force on October 24,
1945
 Amended (1963. 1965, and 1973)
  Chapter I, Article 1:
1. To maintain international peace and security, and
to that end: to take effective collective measures
for the prevention and removal of threats to the
peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression
or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about
by peaceful means, and in conformity with the
principles of justice and international law,
adjustment or settlement of international disputes
or situations which might lead to a breach of the
peace;
2. To develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determine of
peoples, and to take other appropriate
measures to strengthen universal peace.
3. To achieve international co-operation
in solving international problems of an
economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character, and in promoting
and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for
all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion;
4. To be a center for harmonizing the
actions of nations in the attainment of
these common ends.
  Chapter I, Article 2:
The organization and its members, in
pursuit of the purposes stated in Article
1, shall act in accordance with the
following principles

1. The organization is based on the

principle of the sovereign equality of all
its members
2. All Members, in order to ensure to
all of them the rights and benefits
resulting from membership, shall
fulfill in good faith the obligations
assumed by them in accordance with
the present Charter.
3. All Members shall settle their
international disputes by peaceful
means in such a manner that
international peace and security, and
justice, are not endangered.
4. All Members shall refrain in their
international relations from the threat
or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of
any state, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the Purposes of the
United Nations.
5. All Members shall give the United
Nations every assistance in any action it
takes in accordance with the present
Charter, and shall refrain from giving
assistance to any state against which the
United Nations is taking preventive or
enforcement action.
6. The Organization shall ensure that
states which are not Members of the
United Nations act in accordance with
these Principles so far as may be
necessary for the maintenance of
international peace and security.
7. Nothing contained in the present Charter
shall authorize the United Nations to
intervene in matters which are essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or
shall require the Members to submit such
matters to settlement under the present
Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice
the application of enforcement measures
under Chapter Vll.
 THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE
UNITED NATIONS
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 Main deliberative, policy making
and representative
 Only UN body with universal
presentation
 Gather in General Assembly Hall
every September
 Decisions require two-thirds
majority
 GA President – One year
 CARLOS P.
ROMULO
*GA President
(1945-1950)
SECURITY COUNCIL
 SECURITY COUNCIL
 Maintenance of international peace
and security
 Presidency – rotates every month
 Five permanent (P5) – veto power;
ten non-permanent members (2-
year terms)
 Can resort to imposing sanctions or
event authorize the use of force
ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL COUNCIL
 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
 (ECOSOC) Established in 1946
 Principal body for coordination,
policy review, policy dialogue, and
recommendations on economic,
social and environmental
 54 members; 3 year - term by GA
 President – One year term
 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
BY UNITED NATIONS

 Created September 2015 for 2030

agenda
 Vital principle of “leaving no one
behind”
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
 TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

 International supervision for 11

territories, placed under
administration
 Meets yearly
 Suspended its operations on
November 1, 1994 a month after
the independence of Palau
 Western Samoa
 Taganyika
 Ruanda-Urundi
 Cameroons under British
Administrations
 Cameroons under French
Administrations
 Togoland under British
Administration
 Togoland under French
Administration
 New Guinea
 Nauru
 Strategic Trust of the Pacific Islands
 Italian Somaliland
SECRETARIAT
 SECRETARIAT
 Secretary General and tens of
thousands of staff members
 Appointed by the General Assembly
on the recommendation of the
Security Council for a five-year
renewable term.
 INTERNATIONAL
COURT OF JUSTICE
 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
 Principal judicial organ of United
Nations
 Settle legal disputes submitted by
the states authorized by United
Nations organs and specialized
agencies.
 Functions in accordance with its
Statute
 ROLE OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
 MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND
SECURITY
 PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS
 DELIVER HUMANITARIAN AID
 PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 UPHOLD INTERNATIONAL LAW
 FIVE GAPS IN GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Weiss and Thakur (2010)
 KNOWLEDGE GAP
UN provides platform wherein such
phenomenon may be discussed and
studied

 NORMATIVE GAPS
UN serves as forum for seeking
normative consensus
 POLICY GAPS
Interlinked set of governing principles
and goals and the agreed programs of
action implemented those principles and
achieve those goals: formulation,
implementation, and adaptation
 INSTITUTIONAL GAPS
Policies created , whether international or
national, must be housed in an institution that
has resources and autonomy.

 COMPLIANCE GAPS
Mechanisms identifying the defections and
defectors from agreed upon norms and
commitments
WORLD OF
REGIONS
 Willy Brandt
 Former
Chancellor of
West
Germany
(1969 –
1974)
 The Brandt
Line(1980)
 The North and South Divide
- Separation of “More Economically
Developed Countries” (MEDC) and “Least
Economically Developed Countries”
(LEDC)
 How are countries
classified to MEDC and
LEDC?
ECONOMIC FACTORS
NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS
 ECONOMIC FACTORS
- GDP & GNP
- LEVEL OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
- Resources, Workers, Technology,
Transportation, Consumers
- GENERAL STANDARD OF LIVING
- TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
 NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Literacy Rates
- Education
- Health Care
- Life Expectancy
 The North
Canada, US, Greenland, Russia
 The South
Somalia, Vietnam, Haiti, and India
 THE BRANT LINE
 Not all Asian countries will be
classified as poor countries, mirroring
the affluences of both North and
South
 Philippines belonging in Third World
Country
 Minimum Wage as of 2017 is 475 php
 Year 2019 – 537 php
 REGION I – 282 – 340 php
Year 2022 – 372-400 php
 https://nwpc.dole.gov.ph/
regionandwages/region-i-ilocos/
 NEDA
Undersecretary
Rosemarie
Edillon
 Now the Deputy
General of the
National
Development
Office
 Sec. Karl Kendrick
Chua Director-
General of NEDA and
Sec. of
Socioeconomic
Planning (April 17,
2020)
 NEDA Headquarter:
ORTIGAS CENTER
 Annual Budget: 11.90
billion
 Sec. Arsenio
Balisacan
 Director-General of
NEDA and Sec. of
Socioeconomic
Planning (October 4,
2022)
 NEDA Headquarter:
ORTIGAS CENTER
 Annual Budget: 1.720
billion
 The Global South and the Third World
 Leigh Anne Duck
– ‘Global South’
term carrying
more weight in
resisting
hegemonic
forces.
 WORLD
REGIONALISM
 Regionalism – a process that must be
treated as an “emergent, socially
constituted phenomenon”
 Edward Mansfield and Helen Milner
• Regions are group of countries
located in the same geographically
specified area.
 Countries respond economically and
politically to globalization in various
ways.
 Singapore – develop harbor
facilities and made them first class
transit port for ships carrying
different commodities
 Countries form a regional alliance for –
as the saying goes – there is strength
in numbers
 Countries form regional
associations for several reasons:
 Military Defense – NATO (1949)
 Pool Resources, better exports, and
expand leverage – OPEC (1960)
 Form Regional Blocs – NAM (1961)
 Compels Countries Together – ASEAN
through the bankruptcy of Thai
Economy in the year 1996
 North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization:
 Formed during
Cold War
(1949)
 NATO remains
in place
 Soviet Union:
 Warsaw Pact
May 14, 1955
 Eastern
European
Countries
 Imploded
December
1991
 Non-Aligned
Movement:
 Belgrade,
Serbia (1961)
 120 countries
 Represent the
aspirations of
the developing
countries
CONTEMPORARY
CHALLENGES TO
REGIONALISM
 Resurgence of militant nationalism and
populism
 Crises-ridden regional organization of
EU – “BREXIT” January 31, 2020
 ASEAN disagreement over member
countries sacrificing sovereignty over
regional stability
 Association’s link with East Asia on the
West Philippine Sea
 Nine-Dash
Line –
1940s map
by Chinese
Geographer
https://
www.rappler.com/
nation/
philippines-china-
ruling-case-west-
philippine-sea
https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=0rAlnqhLeWQ&t=
86s

- Perfecto Yasay Jr.

Former Foreign
Affairs Secretary of
the Philippines
 ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL AND
THE PERMANENT COURT OF
ARBITRATION
 The United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Annex VII
 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
 International Tribunal on the Law of
the Sea (ITLOS)
 Arbitral Tribunal (AT) - default
 Special Arbitral Tribunal (SAT)
 THE PERMANENT COURT OF
ARBITRATION
 Chamber suitable for arbitral
hearings
 Law Library
 Legal Archive
 Administrative and Support Staff
WORLD OF
IDEAS
GLOBAL MEDIA
CULTURE
Human Communication
 Onomatopoetic (sounds)
 Talking Culture, Talking Era
 Manuscript Era
 Print Era
 Audiovisual Era
 Internet Era
 Aristotle

 Rhetoric
- speaking well and persuasively
- public communication, primarily
oratory
 Cicero
 Five Canons of Rhetoric
 Invention
 Arrangement
 Style
 Delivery
 Memory
1900s
 Professors of Speech
 Rhetoric as the written word
 Rhetoric as the spoken word
1914
 National Association of Academic
Teachers of Public Speaking
 National Communication
Association
 TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
Verbal and Nonverbal
 VERBAL
- Refers to the use of words

 NONVERBAL
- Refers to communication through
means
 OCULESICS
 HAPTICS
 CHRONEMICS
 PROXEMICS
 12 ft. plus – Public
 4 ft. – 12 ft. – Social
 1.5 ft. – 4 ft. – Personal
 0 – 1.5 ft. – Intimate
 VOCALICS
 KINESICS
 THE
COMMUNICATION
ELEMENTS
 The Participants
 Encoding and Decoding
 The Message
 The Channel
 Feedback
 Barriers (Environmental / Semantic
Noise)
 LEVELS OF
COMMUNICATION
5 MAJOR LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
 Intrapersonal
 Interpersonal
 Group
 Public
 Mass Communication
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- Reflective thinking triggered by
internal and external stimulus
 Maintain social adjustment
 Build self-concept
 Rehearse and think through
 Deliberate self-reflection
 Associated with mental illness
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- people whose lives mutually
influence
one another
 Build, maintain and end
relationships
 Intercultural, organizational, health,
and computer communication
context
 Influenced by social expectations
 Goal-oriented
 Fulfills instrumental and relational
needs
 Miscommunication and conflict
most frequently occur
 GROUP COMMUNICATION
- 3 or more people interacting
 Intentional and formal
 Task focused
 Leads to complicated interactions
 Elements of interpersonal
communication also occur
 PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
- sender-focused
 significant in academic,
professional and civic lives
 Most consistently intentional,
formal and goal-oriented
 Formality and focus makes other
anxious
 MASS COMMUNICATION
- print and electronic media
 Certain amount of intentionality
into transmission
 No immediate feedback loop until
technology came to mass produce
message
EVOLUTION OF
MEDIA AND
GLOBALIZATION
 FIVE TIME PERIODS OF MEDIA
GLOBALIZATION (Lule, 2014)

 Oral
 Script
 Print
 Electronic
 Digital
 ORAL
 Oral medium – oldest and most
enduring of all media
 Speech has been with us for 200
years
 Speech is what differs human from
animals
 They communicate to share:
 Strategies for hunting
 Information of different biome
 Share information about the
invention of tools/weapons
 In modern communication, it suffice
our needs:
 Physical Needs
 Relational Needs
 Identity Needs
 Instrumental Needs
 Common Tactics Used for Compliance
Gaining Communication
 Offering Rewards
 Threatening Punishment
 Using Expertise
 Liking
 Debt
 Altruism
 Esteem
 SCRIPT
 Transition from oral to printing
 External barriers (e.g., distance, time,
and memory)
 Considered as an essential medium
 Evolution of Script
 Early Writing – symbols carved into
clay tablets
 Hieroglyphics
 Cuneiform
 Petroglyph
 From the Greek prefix petra-
meaning “stone” and glypho
meaning “to carve”
 A pictogram images carved on a
rock surface
 Hieroglyph
 From the Greek prefix hiero -
meaning “sacred” and glypho
meaning “to carve” or “to write”
 A pictographic sign
 Cuneiform
 Developed by Sumerians in
Mesopotamia
 “Wedge-shaped” because it is
wrote using a reed stylus
 A logo-syllabic script
 Papyrus
 Developed in Egypt from a plant
along Nile River