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Clauses Types

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Zidan Muhammad Rausyan
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10 views

Clauses Types

Uploaded by

Zidan Muhammad Rausyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Clause Type

Rules.
1. What happen next, we are cool one another.
Deal?
2. Don’t Forget about what we are discussing
right now.
3. If you dont understand, just ask. Simple.
4. Stay focus. Good luck.
1 .Clause type and speech acts
1. DECLARATIVE (making a statement) you are very tactful.
2. CLOSED INTERROGATIVE (asking a close question) are you very tactful?
3. OPEN INTERROGATIVE (asking an open question) how tactful are you?
4. EXCLAMATIVE (making an exclamatory) how tactful you are!
5. IMPERATIVE (issuing a directive) be very tactful.

Clause type in Main & Subordinate clause.

Main Clause Subordinate Clause

It was a success. Sue thinks it was a success.

What a success it was! He told me what a success it was.


2. Interrogative and Question
Open Question Closed Question

Q : Where is Sue? Q : Is Sue here?


A : Sue is in the library R : I’m not sure.

Open Question is a normal question which means that the answer


could be possibly anything.
Closed Question is a question that usually responded by yes or no.
• Form of Closed Interogative
Declarative Closed Interogative

It is raining. Is it raining?
He can’t swim. Can’t he swim?

The doctor recommended it Did the doctor recommended it?

Closed Interogative VS Other Subject-auxiliary Inversion Clauses


• Jill approved of it and [so did herbhusband]. -
declarative
• why are you looking at me like that? -open
interrogatives
Closed Question
Polar : a question that has only two possible responds (yes/ no).
Ex : -Did he read her note?
-Didn’t he read her not?
Alternative: a question that presents two or more possible
answer and presupposes that only one is true.
Ex : - Is the meeting today, tomorrow, or next Monday?
- Is the Kensington Runestone genuine, or it is a hoax?
The form of open interrogatives
who whom whose what which when where why how.

[13] Interrogatives phrasses and their position.


Case

Multiple Interrogatives phrasses


• Who went where?
• How much did you give to whom?
Open Question and their answer
(just focus on the answer)
• This is the answers for questions in [13].
Appropriate replacements.
• Whose : Personal, needs a genetive replacement.
– Example : Whose is this bike? -Mary’s
• What : Non-personal.
– Example : What was he wearing? -A suit.
• Why, When, Where : Reasons, times, and places.
– Why are you late? -Because I missed my flight.
– When did they leave? -Yesterday.
– Where are you going? - To the bank.
• How as an adverb, adjunct function, question manner or means.
– How did you fix it? - By changing the battery.
– How did you sleep? - very well.
• How as an adjective, functioning as predicative complement.
– How are you? -very well.
– How was the concert? - Excellent.
What and which function as determiner in NP sentence,
the replacements must be consistent with the head noun. So
what video shall we got? And which video shall we get? Need
replacements referring to a video.

Cases : The answer is Pc : indicationof religion, occupation, etc.


Example : What is Jill? She is a Catholic.
Cases : How as determiner.
Example :
• How wide is it? –Two inches (or two inches wide)
• How many copies do you need? –Fifteen.
Information questions and direction questions.
Echo questions.

An Echo Question is a type of direct question that repeats


part or all of something which someone else has just asked.
3. Exclamatives
The structure of exclamative clauses
i. SUBJECT What unpleasant people work in this restaurant !
ii.
NON-SUBJECT How clever you are !
iii. What a disaster would it be if they were to appoint his son !

Exclamatives and exclamations

IMPERATIVE STRUCTURE OPEN INTERROGATIVES

Get the hell out of here What the hell are you doing ?

Look at that fantastic sunset ! Who saw that fantastic sunset ?


Don’t be so pathetically stupid Why are you so pathetically stupid ?
What and how in [19], by contrast, are restricted to the particular clause type,
we call exclamative. Note,for example, the impossibility of inserting them in
imperative or open interrogatives.
a. *Don’t be what a tyrant b. *Why are you what a tyrant ?

Exclamative what and how


(a) What
Exclamative what has the syntax of an adjective. It always occur in NPs
with a following head, and can never be a pronoun like the interrogative
pronoun what.
EXCLAMATIVE INTERROGATIVE

COUNT SING What a car that was ! What car was that ?
PLURAL What sights we saw ! What sights did we see ?
NON-COUNT What talent she had ! What talent did she have ?
(b) How
Exclamative how is invariably an adverb.
EXCLAMATIVE INTERROGATIVE

How old he is ! How old is he ?


How they deceived us ! How did they deceive us ?
5. Minor clause types
I. Long live the Queen.
Suffice it to say that the matter is being investigated.
II. May you be forgiven.
Would to God I had never heard of Enron.
III. Out of my way!
Offwith his head!
Hands up!
Into the bin with it!
IV. The more the merrier.
No pain, no gain.
Out of sight, out of mind.
Dont Forget to smile 

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