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Lecture 3

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8 views32 pages

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

kanz ul emaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bio-signal Processing

BM-451

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


ECG Signal Processing

An electrocardiogram is used in the diagnosis of heart diseases.


There are many deadly diseases associated with heart
called Cardiovascular diseases like High blood pressure,
Cardiac arrest, Congestive heart failure, Arrhythmia, Stroke
etc.
Careful observation of the functioning of the heart is essential for
the diagnosis of the above diseases.

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


ECG Signal Processing

Presence of noises can deter the quality of ECG signals.

Solution?

Filtering
Filtering in signal processing is elimination or attenuation of the unwanted
signals like interference and noises from the signal to attain the signal of
interest.
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Noise removal techniques

STOP STOP

PASS PASS

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noise removal techniques

STOP STOP

PASS
PASS PASS
STOP

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noise removal techniques

Noisy
+¿
Signal
Adaptive −
Referenc Filter
e Signal
for noise Receive
d Signal
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Noise removal techniques
“Imagine you're trying to listen to music but there's background
chatter. You don't know exactly what the music sounds like, but
you have a recording of just the chatter. If you can subtract the
chatter from the combined sound of the music and chatter, you’ll
be left with mostly the music. Over time, you get better at
figuring out how loud the chatter is and how much to subtract.
That's what an adaptive filter does, it continually adjusts to
cancel out the unwanted noise.”
Where it can be
used??
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Noise removal techniques

Input Moving
Signal Window Averagin
g Block

Receive
d Signal
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Noise removal techniques

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noise removal techniques

Noise
Remov
Targeted Noise Removal al

Works on Different Types of Noise

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

Baseline Wander

Axis of a signal appears to ‘wander’ or move up and down rather


than be straight.
The entire signal to shift from its normal base.

In ECG signal, the baseline wander is caused due to improper


electrodes (electrode-skin impedance), patient’s movement and
breathing (respiration).
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Noises in Electrocardiogram

Baseline Wander

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

Powerline Interference
Electromagnetic fields caused by a powerline represent a common noise source in
the ECG.

Such noise is characterized by 50 or 60 Hz sinusoidal interference.

Such narrowband noise renders the analysis and interpretation of the ECG more
difficult.

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

Powerline Interference

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

EMG Noise
The presence of muscle noise represents a major problem in many ECG
applications, especially in recordings acquired during exercise.

Muscle noise is, in contrast to baseline wander and 50/60 Hz interference, not
removed by narrowband filtering, but presents a much more difficult filtering
problem since the spectral content of muscle activity considerably overlaps that
of the PQRST complex.

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

EMG Noise

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

Electrode Motion Artifacts


Electrode motion artifacts are mainly caused by skin stretching which alters the
impedance of the skin around the electrode. Motion artifacts resemble the signal
characteristics of baseline wander, but are more problematic to combat since
their spectral content considerably overlaps that of the PQRST complex.

They occur mainly in the range from 1 to 10 Hz.

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Noises in Electrocardiogram

Electrode Motion Artifacts

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Techniques for Removal of Baseline Wander

High-pass filtering

Adaptive filtering

Wavelet transform
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Techniques for Removal of Powerline Interface

Notch filtering

Frequency Domain Filtering

Low pass filtering

Wavelet transform
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Techniques for Removal of EMG Noise

Low-pass filtering

Moving averaging Filtering

Band-pass filtering

Wavelet transform
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Techniques for Removal of Motion Artifacts

High-pass filtering

Moving averaging Filtering

Adaptive filtering

Wavelet transform
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Time Domain Analysis of ECG signal

Information about the instantaneous amplitude of the signal over time.


Time domain representation of an ECG describes the temporal characteristics of
the cardiac electrical activity but it conveys no information about frequencies
involved in making up the signal.

The most significant time-domain feature in the ECG is


the duration of the heart cycle.
Other features : the duration of each wave (i.e., the duration of QRS complex)
time separation among the waves (e.g., the time interval between T and P waves,
i.e., TP interval).
Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]
Time Domain Analysis of ECG signal

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Identify the waveform

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Class Task

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Frequency Domain Analysis of ECG signal

Information about the frequency components involved in the signal.

Crucial for understanding various physiological and pathological conditions


related to the heart's electrical activity

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Applications of Frequency Domain
Analysis of ECG

Power Spectral
Detection of
Density Noise filtering
Arrhythmia
Analysis

Ischemia and Assessment of


Myocardial Heart Rate
Infarction Detection Variability (HRV)

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Aspect Frequency Domain Analysis Time Domain Analysis
Analyzes the signal in terms of its frequency Analyzes the signal based on its
Primary focus
components amplitude variations over time
Waveform morphology analysis, heart
HRV, arrhythmia detection, noise filtering, ischemia
Application rate calculation, P-QRS-T interval
detection
analysis
Efficiently removes specific frequency-based noise Primarily filters baseline drift and other
Noise filtering
(e.g., powerline interference) amplitude-based noise
Detects frequency-based abnormalities like Visual identification of arrhythmias,
Diagnosis
fibrillation blockages, and waveform abnormalities
Raw waveform, intervals (P-QRS-T),
Data Representation Power spectral density, frequency bands
amplitude, slope

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


“while time domain analysis focuses on direct
interpretation of waveform features, frequency
domain analysis offers additional insights into
periodicities and hidden patterns that are not
obvious in the time domain, enhancing diagnostic
accuracy for certain conditions”

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Group Activity

Make a team of 4-members and discuss and present


the given article.

Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]


Engr. Nafia Jawaid Kurd [email protected]

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