CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION to MySQL

JOSEPHINE T. CRUZ
 Objectives
At the end of this lesson you
will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of Relational
Algebra in Queries (MySQL)
2. Explain the different operators
used relational algebra (MySQL)
3. Explain the concept of updating
the tables and Attributes.
 MySQL
 MySQL server is an open-source
relational database management system
which is a major support for web-based
applications. Databases and related
tables are the main component of many
websites and applications as the data is
stored and exchanged over the web.
Even all social networking websites
mainly Facebook, Twitter, and Google
depend on MySQL data which are
designed and optimized for such purpose.
For all these reasons, MySQL server
becomes the default choice for web
applications.
 MySQL
 MySQL server MySQL server is used for
data operations like querying, sorting,
filtering, grouping, modifying and
joining the tables. Before learning the
commonly used queries, let us look into
some of the advantages of MySQL.
 Advantages of MySQL
 Fast and high Performance database.
 Easy to use, maintain and administer.
 Easily available and maintain integrity of
database.
 Provides scalability, usability and reliability.
 Low cost hardware.
 MySQL can read simple and complex queries
and write operations.
 InnoDB is default and widely used storage
engine.
 Provides strong indexing support.
 Provides SSL support for secured connections.
 Provides powerful data encryption and accuracy.
 Provides Cross-platform compatibility.
 Provides minimized code repetition.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
 Queries can be understood as the commands which
interacts with database tables to work around with
data. Some of the commonly used MySQL queries,
operators, and functions are as follows:
1. SHOW DATABASES
This displays information of all the existing
databases in the server.
Output:

Note : The databases ‘information_schema’, ‘mysql’ and

‘performance_schema’ are system databases which are
used internally by MySQL server. A ‘test’ database is meant
for testing purpose which is provided during installation.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
2. USE database_name
database_name : name of the database
This sets the database as the current database
in the MySQL server.
To display the current database name which is
set, use syntax

SELECT DATABASE();

3. DESCRIBE table_name
table_name : name of the table
This describes the columns of the table_name
with respect to Field, Type, Null, Key, Default,
Extra.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
4. SHOW TABLES
This shows all the tables in the selected
database as a information.

5. SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name

table_name : name of the table
This shows the complete CREATE TABLE
statement used by MySQL for creating the
table.

6. SELECT NOW()
MySQL queries mostly starts with SELECT
statement.
This query shows the current date and time.
Output :
2019-09-24 07:08:30
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
7. SELECT 2 + 4;
Output :
6
 This executes SELECT statement without any
table.
 SELECT can be used for executing an
expression or evaluating an in-built function.
 SELECT can also be used for more than one
or many columns.
Example :
SELECT 2+4, CURDATE();
Output :
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
8. Comments
Comments are of two types. Multi-line
comments or single-line or end-of-line
comment.
/* These are multi-line comments. */
# This is single-line comment.
-- This is also single-line comment.

9. CREATE DATABASE database_name

database_name : name of the database
This statement creates a new database.
 Queries, Operators and
8. Comments
Functions
Comments are of two types. Multi-line comments or
single-line or end-of-line comment.
/* These are multi-line comments. */
# This is single-line comment.
-- This is also single-line comment.

9. CREATE DATABASE database_name

database_name : name of the database
This statement creates a new database.

10. DROP DATABASE database_name

database_name : name of the database
This statement deletes the database.
Note : User has to be very careful before deleting a
database as it will lose all the
crucial information stored in the database.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
11. CREATE TABLE table_name(column1, column2,
column3..)
table_name : name of the table
column1 : name of first column
column2 : name of second column
column3 : name of third column
When the developer start building an application, he needs
to create database tables.
This statement creates a new table with the given columns.
Example :
CREATE TABLE employee(
'id' INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
'name' VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
'profile' VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT 'engineer',
PRIMARY KEY ('id')
)ENGINE = InnoDB;
Note : You have ‘id’ column as AUTO_INCREMENT with a primary key
constraint which ensures that each id is incremented value, avoiding
duplication. Storage engine selected is ‘InnoDB’ allowing foreign key
constraint and related transactions.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
12. AUTO_INCREMENT
It is used to generate a unique identification
field for new row.

13. DROP TABLE table_name

table_name : name of the table
This statement deletes the mentioned table.
14. RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO
new_table_name

old_table_name : name of the previous table.

new_table_name : name of the new table.
This statement renames the table to a new
name.
 Queries, Operators and
15.
Functions
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD(column1, column2, column3..)
table_name : name of the existing table.
column1 : name of first column.
column2 : name of second column.
column3 : name of third column.
This statement adds columns to the existing
table.

16. ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP(column1)
table_name : name of the existing table.
column1 : name of first column.
This statement deletes specified columns from
the existing table
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
17. INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
column2, column3 . . ) VALUES(value1,
value2, value3 . . )
table_name : name of the existing table.
column1 : name of first column.
column2 : name of second column.
column3 : name of third column.
value1 : value for first column.
value2 : value for second column.
value3 : value for third column.
This statement inserts a new record into a
table with specified values.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
18. UPDATE table_name SET column1 =
value1, column2 = value2, column3 =
value3.. WHERE condition
table_name : name of the table.
column1 : name of first column.
column2 : name of second column.
column3 : name of third column.
value1 : value for first column.
value2 : value for second column.
value3 : value for third column.
condition : the condition statement.
This statement update records in the table with
the new given values for the columns.
Note : WHERE clause in MySQL queries is used to filter rows
for a specific
condition.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
19. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE
condition
table_name : name of the table.
condition : the condition statement.
This statement deletes records from the table.

20. SELECT column1, column2, column3..

FROM table_name WHERE condition
table_name : name of the table.
column1 : name of first column.
column2 : name of second column.
column3 : name of third column.
condition : the condition statement.
This statement executes and gives records from
specific columns from the table which matches the
condition after WHERE clause.
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
21. SELECT * FROM table_name
table_name: name of the table.
Instead of specifying one column or many
columns, you can use an asterisk (*) which
represents all columns of table. This query
retrieves all records from the table.

22. COUNT
The COUNT function is used to return total
number of records matching a condition from
any table. It is one of the known AGGREGATE
function.
Example :
SELECT COUNT(*) from student;
Note: AGGREGATE functions allow you to run calculations on data
and provide information by using a SELECT query.
 Queries, Operators and
23. MAX
Functions
It is used to get the maximum numeric value of
a particular column of table.
Example :
SELECT MAX(marks) FROM student_report;

Note: The MIN and MAX functions work

correctly on numeric as well as alphabetic
values.
 Queries, Operators and
24. MIN
Functions
It is used to get the minimum numeric value of
a particular column of table.
Example :
SELECT MIN(marks) FROM student_report;
Note : The above given example queries can
also be nested with each other
depending on the requirement.

Example :
SELECT MIN(marks)
FROM student_report
WHERE marks > ( SELECT MIN(marks) from
student_report);
 Queries, Operators and
25. LIMIT
Functions
It is used to set the limit of number of records in
result set.
Example :
SELECT *
FROM student limit 4, 10;
This gives 10 records starting from the 5th record.

26. BETWEEN
It is used to get records from the specified lower
limit to upper limit.
This verifies if a value lies within that given range.
Example :
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE age BETWEEN 25 to 45.
 Queries, Operators and
27. DISTINCT
Functions
This is used to fetch all distinct records avoiding
all duplicate ones.
Example :
SELECT DISTINCT profile
FROM employee;

28. IN clause
This verifies if a row is contained in a set of
given values.
It is used instead of using so many OR clause in
a query.
Example :
SELECT *
FROM employee
 Queries, Operators and
29. AND
Functions
This condition in MySQL queries are used to
filter the result data based on AND conditions.
Example :
SELECT NAME, AGE
FROM student
WHERE marks > 95 AND grade = 7;

30. OR
This condition in MySQL queries are used to
filter the result data based on OR conditions.
Example :
SELECT *
FROM student
WHERE address = 'Hyderabad' OR address =
 Queries, Operators and
31. IS NULL
Functions
This keyword is used for boolean comparison or
to check if the data value of a column is null.
Example :
SELECT *
FROM employee
WHERE contact_number IS NULL;
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
32. FOREIGN KEY
It is used for pointing a PRIMARY KEY of another
table.
Example :
CREATE TABLE Customers
(
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
)
CREATE TABLE Orders
(
order_id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES Customers(id)
);
Note: This is not used in the MYISAM storage engine of MySQL
server. InnoDB storage engines supports foreign key
 Queries, Operators and
33. LIKE
Functions
This is used to fetch records matching for
specified string pattern.
Example :
SELECT *
FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'Sh%';
SELECT *
FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE '%Sh%';
Note: Percentage signs (%) in the query
represent zero or more characters.
 Queries, Operators and
34. JOINS
Functions
Joins are the joining of two or more database
tables to fetch data based on a common field.
There are various types of joins with different
names in different databases. Commonly
known joins are self join, outer join, inner join
and many more.
Regular Join :
It is the join which gets all the records from
both the tables which exactly match the given
condition.
Example :
SELECT student.name, department.name
FROM student JOIN department ON
student.department = department.name
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
34. JOINS (Continuation..)
Left Join :
It is the join which gets all the records that match
the given condition, and also fetch all the records
from the left table.
Example :
SELECT student.name, department.name
FROM student LEFT JOIN department ON
student.deptartment = department.name

Right Join :
It is the join which gets all the records that match
the given condition, and also fetch all the records
from the right table.
Example :
SELECT student.name, department.name
FROM student RIGHT JOIN department on
 Queries, Operators and
Functions
35. ADD or DROP a column
A new column can be added on a database
table, if required later on.
Example :
ALTER TABLE employee ADD COLUMN salary
VARCHAR(25);

Similarly, any column can be deleted from a

database table.
Example :
ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN salary;
! Thank you
!