Lecture 09

CE-422 Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Management

Instructor:
Dr. Shahid Ullah
[email protected]

Earthquake Engineering Center

Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar.
 Course Outline
Week Weekly Lectures CLOs PLOs Remarks
1 Introduction to sustainability the Humanity and environment and its 1 7 To be taught from chapter 1 of the book
state; IPAT Equation; Sustainability Challenges "Sustainability a comprehensive foundation"
Part 1

2 Introduction to sustainability the Humanity and environment and its 1 7 To be taught from chapter 1 of the book
state; IPAT Equation; Sustainability Challenges "Sustainability a comprehensive foundation"
Part 2

3 Development of Public policy; Role of civil engineers in the society; 1 7 Chapter 2 of "Sustainability a comprehensive
Sustainability and Public Policy; Environmental Risk Management foundation"
Part 1 Chapter 1 of "Sustainable Development in
Practice"

4 Development of Public policy; Role of civil engineers in the society; 1 7 Chapter 2 of "Sustainability a comprehensive
Sustainability and Public Policy; Environmental Risk Management foundation"
Part 2 Chapter 1 of "Sustainable Development in
Practice"

5 Definitions; Sustainable Development; Complex engineering Problems. 1 7 Chapter 1 “ The Age of Sustainable
Introduction to the tools and approaches for solving complex problems, Development”
Multi Criteria Decision Making and Analysis Concepts Chapter 1 “Systems approach to management of
disasters”
Chapter 12 “ Sustainable development in
practice”
6 Life Cycle Assessment, Scopes of LCA, Methodology of 1,2 5,7 1. Sustainable development in
LCA, Software for LCA practice
2. The age of sustainable
development
3. Sustainability: a comprehensive
foundation
7 System Thinking, Causal Loop diagrams, Guidelines for 1,2 5,7 1.Business dynamics: system thinking
CLD, Software for system modeling and modeling for complex world.
 Course Outline
Week Weekly Lectures CLOs PLOs Remarks

09 Overview of Disasters; Basic Disasters Concepts and 1, 2 5, 7 Lecture Slides

Social Contexts of Disasters
10 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk (Probability and Statistics) 1, 2 7 Lecture Slides
Concepts

11 1 7

12 A broad understanding of Disaster Risk Management, 1 7

including prevention / preparedness before Disasters and
recovery / reconstruction after Disasters.

13 Disaster Mitigation-Recovery policy and Disaster risk 2 7

management of national level with practical system and
laws

14 Creation of Pakistan emergency management system 2 7

15 Introduction to risk management tools 1 7

16 Flood Risk Management 1 7

Earthquake Risk Management 1 7 3

Reference Books
 Lecture 09: Overview of Disasters; Basic
Disasters Concepts and Social Contexts of
Disasters
5
 Learning Objectives
The students shall be able to understand:

• Disasters in Pakistan
• Concepts in Disaster Management
• Disaster Management Process

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 Disaster Risk Management
• Disaster risk reduction and management have
become key concepts in present-day
development practices across the world.

• Globally and regionally, we are experiencing a

constant increase in socioeconomic losses due
to disasters.
 Disaster Risk Management
• Geological, ecological and climatic changes are
persistently mounting disaster threats for the
world community in general and developing
nations in particular.

• 2011 may be regarded as the most distressing

year in the world’s history for calamities and
catastrophes
 Disaster Risk Management
• The economic losses from natural disasters
alone amounted to $366 billion around the
world in 2011.

• Pakistan has unfortunately been one of the

severe victims of such natural and complex
human induced disasters during the present
and last decade.
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 Disaster Risk Management
• The earthquake of 2005 brought many
valuable lessons for national policy makers,
local government practitioners as well as the
communities to rethink and reassess their
capacities and weaknesses when dealing with
disasters.
 Disaster Risk Management
• Government of Pakistan introduced legal,
institutional and administrative arrangements
for disaster risk reduction and management at
national, provincial and local levels, whereas,
NGOs and INGOs brought a wealth of
knowledge and experience to cope with
ensuing hazards and vulnerabilities
 Disaster Risk Management
• As a long-term development partner of Pakistan, GIZ’s
efforts in technical assistance and institutional reform
towards pioneering the disaster risk management
mechanism under its Disaster Preparedness and
Management Project (DPMP) in Mansehra (2008-2010)
were pioneering. The project not only facilitated
development and implementation of a district level the
DRM Model but also contributed towards a visible
behaviour change among stakeholders which included
local administration, non-governmental organisations,
civil society entities and community members.
 Disaster Risk Management
• The DRM Model Mansehra was the first of its kind in
Pakistan characterizing optimum utilization of local
resources, bringing behavior changes across multi
stakeholders, mobilizing community level volunteerism
at local level and enhancing good governance in hazard
mitigation and risk reduction.

• Resultantly, the first ever District Disaster Management

Unit (DDMU), was established in Mansehra, and made
functional with efficient investment of external and
optimal utilization of internal resources.
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management
DRM
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DRM
DRM
DEFINITION OF RISK

Risk
Hazard Vulnerability Exposure

A dangerous phenomenon, The characteristics and circumstances People, property, systems, or

that may cause loss of life, of a community, system or other elements present in hazard
injury or other health social, asset that make it susceptible to the zones that are thereby subject to
and environmental impacts damaging effects of a hazard. potential
24 losses
(UNISDR, 2009)
 Risk
Risk= Hazard * Vulnerability* Exposure
1. Disaster is interface between
an
extreme physical phenomenon
and vulnerable population
Risk = Hazard* Vulnerability
2. Risk: It is consequence of
Hazard; Probability of suffering
harm or loss
Risk = Hazard* Vulnerability/ Capacity
3. Disaster Risk Reduction are
not very simple events. They are
Complex Problems
Disaster Risk = function ( Risk)

Disaster Risk = function (Hazard* Vulnerability/ 25

Capacity )
https://emi-megacities.org/ 26
 Elements at Risk

1. People life and Health

2. Household and community structure
3. Facilities and Services, such as, Schools, Bridges,
Hospitals etc.
4. Economic activities, Livestock, crops
5. Environment (Loss of Biodiversity; Damaged
landscape)

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DRM
Components of Risk Analysis/ Assessment

1. Hazard Occurrence Probability

2. Elements at Risk

3. Vulnerability

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30
DRM
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 SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION POLICIES
Considering that it’s not possible to avoid the occurrence of the earthquakes (hazard)
neither to eliminate the presence of the man (exposure), the only way to mitigate
seismic risk is to reduce the vulnerability and develop adequate risk reduction policies.

• PHASE 1 – PRE-DISASTER, PREVENTION

• PHASE 2 – RESPONSE
• PHASE 3 – POST- DISASTER

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DRM
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Risk Management
DRM
DRM
 Disasters in Pakistan
• Figure shows the disruption of Siachen glacier at line of control between Pakistan
and India.
• In 2012, the disastrous event caused the deaths of many soldiers and civilians.
 Disasters in Pakistan
• Land sliding at Attabad, Hunza caused the flooding of nearby houses,
factories, people displaced from their homes and deaths in 2010.
 Disasters in Pakistan
• Devastating 2005 earthquake damaged and even collapsed many structures,
due to inefficient design, improper use of construction material and land use.
• The figure also shows the earthquake’s impact on society.
 Disasters in Pakistan
• Balochistan earthquake in 2008, caused the collapse of mud masonry walls and
buildings at foothill.
• Also, it had adversely affected the society and caused around 300 hundred deaths.
Historical Disasters
 Disaster Effects
• Deaths
• Disability
• Increase in communicable diseases
• Psychological problems
• Food Shortage
• Environmental Disruptions
• Socioeconomic losses
• Shortage of drugs and medical supplies
 Classification of Natural Hazards

• Based on different criteria, Hazards can be

variously classified. These criteria are based on
such parameters as magnitude, velocity,
duration, death toll, and financial cost etc.
• The most important and workable classification is
based on the mode of operation of hazards.
• According to this classification natural hazards can
be divided into two major categories:
1. Terrestrial Hazards
2. Extra-terrestrial Hazards
1) Terrestrial are those hazards
which occur within the earth.
2). Extra-Terrestrial hazards are those which
originate outside the limit of the earth, perhaps in
space, but cause harm to mankind, like falling of
meteorites.
 Terrestrial hazards can again be divided into three Categories:
i) Exogenic: Exogenic are those hazards which operate on the earth.
Exogenic hazards can be further subdivided into:
a. Atmospheric Hazards
b. Hydro-spheric Hazards
c. Litho-spheric Hazards.
ii) Endogenic: Endogenic are those hazards which originate inside
the earth. For instance volcanic eruption and earthquake etc.
iii) Biotic: Biotic hazards are those which are caused by living
organisms like plants, animals and mankind.
 Natural Hazard Classification

Hazards

Extra-
Terrestrial Terrestrial
Hazards Hazards

Endogenic Exogenic Biotic

Hazards Hazards Hazards

Hydrospheric Atmospheric Lithospheric Floral Anthropogenic

Volcanoes Earthquake Hazards Hazards Hazards (Plants) Faunal (Man induced
Hazard)

Landslide,
Drought,
Erosion,
Waves, Rainfall, Physical
and, Chemical Biological
Currents, Snowfall, Hazards
Avalanches Hazards Hazards
Tsunami Winds,
and Floods Hailstorm
and Lightning

Earthquake Landslide Soil erosion

Release
(Man (Man (Man Nuclear Eutrophicati Population
of Toxic
induced induced induced Explosion on Explosion
Chemicals
Hazard) Hazard) Hazard)
 CONCLUSION

PREVENTION ?
“More effective prevention strategies would not only save tens of billions of
dollars, but hundreds of thousands of lives as well. Funds currently spent on
intervention and relief could be devoted to enhance equitable and sustainable
development instead, which would further reduce the risk of disasters.

Building a culture of prevention is not easy, however. While the cost of

prevention has to be paid in the present, its benefits lie in the distant future.
Moreover, the benefits are not tangible; they are disasters that do not
happen.”

(Kofi Annan, Facing the Humanitarian Challenge:

Towards a Culture of Prevention,
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development)

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