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28 views

Fop Lec 1 Part 2

fundamentals of programming lec 1 part 2

Uploaded by

amisha.kgurnani2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of

Programming
Overview of Computer Programming

 Computer Programming?
 Computer programming, often referred to as coding or
software development, is the process of instructing a
computer to perform a task by providing it with a set of
instructions (code).
 Purpose:
 To automate tasks, solve problems, process data, and build
applications that enable computers to perform various
functions.
Computer Programming Important?

• Automation: Programming enables automation of repetitive and complex tasks,


improving efficiency.
• Problem Solving: It's a powerful tool for solving a wide range of problems.
• Innovation: It drives technological advancements and innovation in various industries.
• Career Opportunities: High demand for programmers in the job market.
Programming Languages

• Programming languages are a means to communicate with


computers. Each language has its own syntax and
semantics.
• Examples: Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, Ruby, etc.
• Choosing a Language: Depends on the task, application
domain, and personal preference.
Programming Process

• Algorithm: A step-by-step plan or set of instructions for solving a problem.

• Coding: Writing code in a specific programming language to implement the algorithm.

• Testing: Checking and debugging code for errors

• Execution: Running the program to achieve the desired result.


Fundamentals of Programming

• Variables and Data Types: Storing and manipulating data.

• Control Structures: Decision-making (if statements), looping (for, while), and


branching.

• Functions: Reusable blocks of code.

• Data Structures: Organizing and storing data efficiently (lists, arrays, dictionaries,
etc.).
Application Areas

• Web Development: Building websites and web applications (HTML, CSS, JavaScript,
etc.).
• Software Development: Creating desktop and mobile applications.
• Data Science: Analyzing and interpreting data (Python, R).
• Game Development: Developing interactive games (Unity, Unreal Engine).
• Embedded Systems: Programming for devices (IoT, microcontrollers).
Tools and Development Environments

• IDEs (Integrated Development Environments):

• Software for coding, debugging, and testing (e.g., Visual Studio Code, PyCharm).

• Version Control: Tools like Git for tracking changes in code.

• Debugging Tools: Assisting in identifying and fixing errors.


Best Practices

• Readability: Writing clean and understandable code.

• Efficiency: Optimizing code for speed and resource usage.

• Documentation: Providing comments and documentation for code clarity.

• Testing: Thoroughly testing code to ensure it works as intended.


Challenges and Problem Solving

• Common Challenges: Debugging, dealing with errors, and optimizing code.

• Problem Solving Skills: Breaking down complex problems into smaller, solvable

parts.
Typical Python Development Environment
 Python development environment consists of various tools and components that help

developers write, test, and manage Python code efficiently.

 Edit ( Write the Code)

Programmer writes program (and stores source code on disk)

 Python Interpreter:

Python is an interpreted language, and you need a Python interpreter to run

your Python scripts.


Typical Python Development Environment
 Link

Link object code with missing functions and data

Like String, Number and other types of data will combine

 Load

Transfer executable image to memory ( Load the data what will be Output)

 Execute

Execute the program one instruction at a time


Package Manager

 Python has a package manager called pip (or pip3 for Python 3)
that allows you to easily install and manage Python packages
(libraries and frameworks). You can use it to install third-party
packages like NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.

 Install packages: pip install package_name

 List installed packages: pip list


Comments

 comments are used to include explanatory notes within your code

 These comments are ignored by the Python interpreter

 benefit of human readers (including yourself and other developers).

# This is a single-line comment


x = 10 # This comment explains the purpose of
this line of code
Single-Line Comments
 Single-line comments are used for adding comments on a single line of code.

 In Python, you can create a single-line comment using the # character.


Multi-Line Comments (Docstrings)

 Multi-line comments or docstrings are used to provide


documentation for modules, classes, functions, or methods.
 These are enclosed in triple quotes (either single or double) and
can span multiple lines.
Basic Program in Python
Creating Variable and Print Statement
Debugging
Bug means error
The process of removing the bugs is called
debugging in computer terminology
Types of bugs/errors
 Syntax error
 Related to the structure or grammar of a language
 When the rule is violated
 Identified by the translator
 Semantic error
 Also called logical
 Related to the logic
 It is not identified by the translator
Types of Errors…
 Syntax– wrong grammar, i.e., breaking the rules of
how to write the language
 Forgetting punctuation, misspelling keyword
 The program will not run at all with syntax errors
 Logic- the program runs, but does not produce the
expected results.
 Using an incorrect formula, incorrect sequence of
statements, etc.
Extension in python
.py file
Python basic file extension

 . ipynb file
Jupyter Note book file extension
Basic terminology
 Keywords
 keywords (also known as reserved words) are a set of
predefined words that have special meanings and purposes
within the language.
 These words cannot be used as identifiers (variable names,
function names, etc.)

 False: Represents the Boolean value False.


 None: Represents the absence of a value or a null value.
 True: Represents the Boolean value True.
 and: Used for logical conjunction (e.g., x and y returns True if
both x and y are True).
Basic terminology

 Constant

 Whose value does not change during execution


 Variable

 Which value may change during execution


 Identifiers used to hold location in memory
Data types

 Character ( 1 byte in memory)

 For letters

 Integer (int 2, short 2, unsigned int 2, long 4, unsigned long 4)

 For integer numbers

 Float (float 4, double 8, long double 10)

 For decimal numbers


Arithmetic Expressions
 Anexpression is a combination of operators
and operands
 Arithmeticexpressions compute numeric
results and make use of the arithmetic
operators: Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %
Division and Remainder
 If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result is an integer
(the fractional part is discarded)
14 / 3 equals? 4

8 / 12 equals? 0

 The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder after dividing the second
operand into the first
14 % 3 equals? 2

8 % 12 equals? 8
Assignment Operators
Assignment Sample Explanation
operator expression
+= c += 7 c=c+7

-= d -= 4 d=d-4

*= e *= 5 e=e*5

/= f /= 3 f=f/3

%= g %= 2 g=g%2
Relational operators

Relational operator are used to compare two values and


return Boolean results:
== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

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