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Optoelectronics 1

What is Optoelectronics?

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15 views

Optoelectronics 1

What is Optoelectronics?

Uploaded by

belalcste
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reference Books

Optical Fiber Communications


Principles and Practice
John M. Senior
Contents

Optical process in semiconductors


Emission types
Luminescence
Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
LASERs
Types of optical sources
There are three main types of optical
light source are available:
 Wide band sources (incandescent
lamps)
 Incoherent sources (LEDs)
 Coherent sources (LASERs)
Light emission in
semiconductors
pn-junction under zero pn-junction under forward
bias Barrier bias
potentia CB
Electro
CB l
ns
Electro
ns
Radiatio
n
Eg

Holes Holes

p-type n-type p-type n-type

Wavelength of hc 1244
0   nm
emitted light Eg Eg
Light emission in
semiconductors

E CB CB

Eg Eg

VB VB

Indirect band gap Direct band


gap
K
The colors of the visible
light spectrum
Color Wavelength Frequency
interval interval
Red ~ 700–635 nm ~ 430–480 THz
Orange ~ 635–590 nm ~ 480–510 THz
Yellow ~ 590–560 nm ~ 510–540 THz
Green ~ 560–520 nm ~ 540–580 THz
Cyan ~ 520–490 nm ~ 580–610 THz
Blue ~ 490–450 nm ~ 610–670 THz
Violet or Purple ~ 450–400 nm ~ 670–750 THz
Color, wavelength,
frequency and energy of
light
Frequency Energy
Color Wavelength (μm−1)
(THz) (eV)
(nm)
Infrared >1000 <300 <1.00 <1.24
Red 700 428 1.43 1.77
Orange 620 484 1.61 2.00
Yellow 580 517 1.72 2.14
Green 530 566 1.89 2.34
Blue 470 638 2.13 2.64
Violet or
420 714 2.38 2.95
Purple
Near
300 1000 3.33 4.15
ultraviolet
Far
<200 >1500 >5.00 >6.20
ultraviolet
Emission Characteristics of
various semiconductors

1110
1850
Heterojunction
semiconductor light
sources
P-type n-type P-type n-type
GaAlAs GaAlAs GaAs

1.7 1.7
eV GaAs eV Electrons

1.42 eV
Holes

Single heterostructure (SH)


Heterojunction
semiconductor light
sources
n- N-type
P-type
GaAs AlGaAs
AlGaAs
Electrons

1.72
eV
1.42
eV 1.72
eV
Holes

n=3.45 n=3.59 n=3.45

Double heterostructure (DH)


The light emitting diodes
Drawbacks of LEDs:
 Lower optical power (microwatts)

 Lower modulation bandwidth

 Harmonic distortion
The light emitting diodes
Merits of LEDS:
 Simpler fabrication

 Low cost

 Reliability

 Generally less temperature

dependence
 Simpler drive circuitry

 Linearity
LED structures

p-type
epitaxial Light output
layer
n-type

n-type
substrate

p- Ohmic contact
type Ohmic
Dome LED Planar
contact
LED s
Surface emitting LED
Fiber

Epoxy resin
Contact
N-type substrate

N Double
p heterojunction
P
SiO2
Gold heatsink
Edge emitting LED

Contact

SiO2
N
n
p
P-type
substrate

Gold heatsink
LASER light sources

 What is LASER?
 Emission processes
 How laser oscillates
The LASERs
Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation (LASER)
Type of lasers

 Solid state lasers


 Semiconductor lasers
 Gas lasers
 Dye lasers
Absorption and Emission
of Radiation
Initial Final state
state

Absorptio
n

Spontaneo
us
emission

Stimulate
d
emission
Population inversion
Let N1 be the number of electrons in lower state and
N2 be the number of electrons in upper state

If it is possible to buildup the condition so that N2


greater than N1 then this condition is called
population inversion condition. Under population
condition stimulated emission occurs

Stimulate
d
emission
Basic construction of Laser
Photon
Mirror with Mirror with
multiplicatio
100% partially
n
reflective reflective
Amplifie
d light !!
Gain medium

Initia
Laser pump
l
Energy to create non state
equilibrium state

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