Understan

ding
culture,
society,
and
ENCULTURATION AND
SOCIALIZATION

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1 socialization
Is a lifelong experience by which
people develop their human potential
and learn culture.
Socialization can be
formal and informal
It becomes formal when it is
conducted by formally organized
social groups or institutions.

While informal socialization is the

process of assimilation of values,
attitudes, and behavior pattern
outside of a formal structure.
2 enculturation
Enculturation is learning about one’s
culture. In other words, it is the process
by which people learn the requirements
of their surrounding culture and acquire
the values and behaviors appropriate
or necessary in that culture.
 Identity formation
Is the development of an individual’s distinct
personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity
in a particular stage of life by which a person is
recognized or known.

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 SOCIAL IDENTITY

Is a person’s notion of who he or she is in the

society.

There are two primary types of identity that

an individual takes on:
 Primary Identity
 Secondary identity
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 Status and role
 Status

a ‘position’ in a social system, such as a child,

teenager, parent. Status refers to a social position a
person holds.

A person’s status can either be ascribed or achieved,

given or accomplished, respectively.

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 status
 Ascribed status  Achieved status

Is a social position Refers to a social

person receives at position a person
birth or take takes on voluntarily
involuntarily later at that reflects personal
life. identity and effort.

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 Roles

 Refers to the behavior expected of someone

who holds a particular status. Therefore, a
person holds a status and performs a role.

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 Role strain
Conflict among roles connected to two
or more statuses. Role strain results
from the competing demands of two or
more roles that vie our time and
energy. The more statuses we have the
more likely we are to experience role
conflict.

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Role strain

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Conformity and deviance
 Conformity  Deviance

Is the act of following Is the act of violating

the rules and the the prescribed social
goals of one’s society. norms.

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2 main types of deviant
behavior
 Formal Deviant  Informal Deviant

Refers to actions that Refers to actions that

violate formal laws. violate social norms.

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 several theories that explain
the existence of deviants
(human/groups) And deviance
(acts).
 Social Control Theory
 Rational Choice Theory
 Differential Association Theory
 Labeling Theory
 Conflict Theory
 Structural-functionalist Theory

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 Social Control Theory
 Deviance in social control theory primarily caused by
a lack of stronger social bonds within a society.

 This theory was developed by Travis Hirshi in the late

20th century.

 He argued that the most important question is not

‘why do they do it’? (why criminals commit crime?),
but rather ‘’why do the rest of us not do it?

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 Social Control Theory
 When an individual’s bonds to society are strong,
they prevent or limit crime and other deviant
behavior. When bonds are weak or broken, they
increase the probability of deviance.

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 Social Control Theory
 Hirshi proposed four elements that help to shape the
social bonds between individuals and society:

 Attachment
 Commitment
 Involvement
 Belief

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 Social Control Theory
 He stated that the lack of social controls to individuals
were key influences in their decisions to engage in
criminal activity.

 Those who commit crimes do so because they feel no

obligation to abide by rules of society to which they
have no allegiance or connection.

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 Rational Choice Theory
 The rational choice theory states that deviant
behavior occurs when a person weights the cons and
benefits of such action and determines that the
benefits will outweigh the risks involved.

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 Differential Association
Theory
 Differential association theory suggested that
individuals learn deviant behavior from those close
to them who provide models of and opportunities for
deviance.

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 Labeling Theory
 Labeling theory argues that deviant behavior is often
a consequence of having a deviant – like label
applied to a person.

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 two types of deviance that
affect identity formation.
 Primary deviance is a violation of norms that does
not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s
self-image or interactions with others.

 Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s self-

concept and behavior begin to change after his or
her actions are labeled as deviant by members of
society.

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 Labeling theory
 This presents the theory’s key argument that
humans who are labeled as deviants would often
commit deviant acts due to societal pressure brought
about by stigma (they become deviant based on
upon the society’s opinion on them).

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 Conflict Theory
 Society consists of opposing groups of people whose
access to power is unequal. The group that has access
to power determines which actions are deviant based on
their perceived advantage.

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 Conflict Theory
 In his book The Power Elite (1956), sociologist C. Wright
Mills described the existence of what he dubbed
the power elite, a small group of wealthy and
influential people at the top of society who hold the
power and resources.

 Mills’ theories explain why elites can commit crimes and

suffer little or no legal retribution. Thus, groups that find
themselves in an unequal social position in society will
inclined to deviant behavior to change those
circumstances. 26
 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 This theory view deviance as a key component of a
functioning society because it contributes to the social
order. Durkheim identified four specific functions that
deviance fulfills:

 Affirmation of Cultural Norms and Values

 Clarification of Right and Wrong
 Unification of others in Society
 Promoting Social Change

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Sociologist Robert Merton agreed that deviance is an
inherent part of a functioning society, but he
expanded on Durkheim’s ideas by developing strain
theory, which notes that access to socially
acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether
a person conforms or deviates.

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Deviance is likely to happen when there is
misalignment between the ‘socially acceptable goals’
of society (such as monetary wealth) and the
opportunities people have to obtain them.

 The discrepancy or strain between the aspirations

and the means of achieving them become known as
“strain theory.”

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 People could respond to this ‘strain’ according to
Merton.

 Conformity
 Innovation
 Ritualists
 Retreatists
 Rebellion

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Conformity

 Individuals are following societal goal through

legitimate means.

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Innovation

 Individuals share the goals of society but reaches this

goal through illegitimate means.

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Ritualists

 Individuals using the same socially approved means

to achieve less elusive goals (modest/humble life).

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Retreastists

 Individuals who have rejected both society’s goals

and the legitimate means of obtaining them, and live
outside of conventional norms altogether.

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 Structural-functionalist
Theory
 Rebellion

 Rebels aim to replace societal goals with those of

their own and devise their own means of achieving
them.

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conce
pt
The self is a
product of social
processes.

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