Memory and Storage

Presented by

Jubayer Ahmed shawon

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Bangladesh Army International University of Science and Technology

November 10, 2024 Presented by: Shawon 1

 Introduction to Memory

Storage Capacity

Outlines Types of Memory

Classification of Memory and Storage

Types of Main Memory

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 What is a Memory?

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 What is a Memory?

 Computer memory is just like the human brain. It is used to store

data/information and instructions.

 Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information

temporarily, like RAM (random-access memory), or permanently, like
ROM (read-only memory).

 It is a data storage unit or a data storage device where data is to be

processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

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 Units of Memory
Memory units are the amount of data that a memory device can store. Here are some
units of memory:
 Bit: A bit is the smallest unit of measurement of data. The first memory
location in a computer is a bit. Represents binary values 0 and 1.

 Nibble: It means the group of 4 bits.

 Word: A word is a unit of data in computer architecture that can be moved

between a computer's processor and storage. The number of bits in a word is
known as the word size, word length, or word width. A word consists 16 bit.

 Byte: The fundamental unit used to measure data is the byte. It has 8 bits in it.
A byte can therefore represent 2 ^ 8 or 256 values.
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 Units of Memory
Kilobyte (KB):1024 bytes is equal to one kilobyte.

Megabyte(MB): A megabyte is 1024 kilobytes in size. It contains more info as

compared to a kilobyte.

Gigabyte (GB): A megabyte is 1024 kilobytes in size. It contains more info as

compared to a kilobyte.

Terabyte (TB): A terabyte is made up of 1024 gigabytes.

Petabyte (PB): A petabyte is made up of 1024 terabytes.

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 Units of Memory

Exabyte (EB): Equal to 1024 petabytes.

Zettabyte (ZB): Equal to 1024 exabytes.

Yottabyte (YB): Equal to 1024 zettabyte.

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 Conversion of Units

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 Types of Memory

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 Primary Memory
 Primary memory is also known as the computer system's main memory that
communicates directly within the CPU, Auxiliary memory, and Cache memory.

 Main memory is used to keep programs or data when the processor is active to use
them.

 When a program or data is activated to execute, the processor first loads instructions
or programs from secondary memory into main memory, and then the processor
starts execution.

 The primary memory is further divided into two parts:

 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

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 Primary Memory: RAM
 Random Access Memory (RAM) is one of the faster types of main memory
accessed directly by the CPU.
 It is the hardware in a computer device to temporarily store data, programs or
program results.
 It is used to read/write data in memory until the machine is working.
 It is volatile, which means if a power failure occurs or the computer is turned off,
the information stored in RAM will be lost.
 All data stored in computer memory can be read or accessed randomly at any time.

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 Primary Memory: RAM
There are two types of RAM:

 SRAM: SRMA (Static Random-Access Memory) is a type of RAM used to store

static data in the memory. It means that storing data in SRAM remains active as
long as the computer system has a power supply. However, data is lost in SRAM
when power failures have occurred. The size of the capacitor and the transistor is
so small, requiring millions of them to store on a single chip

 DRAM: DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is a type of RAM that is

used for the dynamic storage of data in RAM. In DRAM, each cell carries one-bit
information. The cell is made up of two parts: a capacitor and a transistor.

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 Primary Memory: ROM
 ROM or Read Only Memory is a memory device or storage medium that is used to
permanently store information inside a chip.

 It is a read-only memory that can only read stored information, data, or programs, but
we cannot write or modify anything.

 A ROM contains some important instructions or program data that are required to
start or boot a computer.

 It is a non-volatile memory; which means that the stored information cannot be lost
even when the power is turned off or the system is shut down.

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 Primary Memory: ROM
Types of ROM are:

 MROM (Masked Read Only Memory)

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

 EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

 Flash ROM

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 RAM vs ROM

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 Secondary Memory
 Secondary memory is a permanent storage space to hold a large amount of data.

 Secondary memory is also known as external memory which represents the

various storage media (hard drives, USB, CDs, flash drives, and DVDs) on which
the computer data and program can be saved on a long-term basis.

 However, it is cheaper and slower than the main memory.

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 Secondary Memory

 Unlike primary memory, secondary memory cannot be accessed directly by the

CPU.

 Instead of that, secondary memory data is first loaded into the RAM (Random
Access Memory) and then sent to the processor to read and update the data.

 Secondary memory devices also include magnetic disks like hard disks and floppy
disks, an optical disk such as CDs and CDROMs, and magnetic tapes.

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 Secondary Memory vs Primary Memory

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 Cache Memory
 It is a small-sized chip-based computer memory that lies between the CPU and
the main memory.

 It is a faster, high-performance, and temporary memory to enhance the

performance of the CPU.

 It stores all the data and instructions that are often used by computer CPUs.

 It also reduces the access time of data from the main memory.

 It is faster than the main memory

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 Cache Memory
 Cache memory is divided into three levels: L1, L2, and L3.
 L1 cache is the fastest but smallest,
 L2 cache is slower but bigger, and
 L3 cache is the slowest but biggest. L3 cache is designed to optimize the
performance of L1 and L2 cache and is the largest type of cache memory with a
capacity of 1MB to 8MB.

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 Cache Memory vs Main Memory

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 Register Memory
 The register memory is a temporary storage area for storing and transferring the
data and the instructions to a computer.

 It is the smallest and fastest memory of a computer.

 It is a part of computer memory located in the CPU as the form of registers.

 The register memory is 16, 32 and 64 bits in size.

 It temporarily stores data instructions and the address of the memory that is
repeatedly used to provide faster response to the CPU.

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 Memory Hierarchy

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 Any Questions?

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 Thank You

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