UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AIT - CSE

Bachelor of Engineering (CSE)
SOFT COMPUTING (22CSH-345 )
By: Ms. Aarti (E15380)

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 Course Objectives
To introduce soft computing concepts and techniques of artificial neural networks,
fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms

To understand the various techniques from the application point of view.

To analyze various soft computing techniques and decide the technique to be used in
a particular problem situation.

To implement soft computing based solutions for real-world problems

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 Course Outcomes
CO Identify and describe soft computing techniques and 1
1 their roles in building intelligent. Machines
CO Recognize the feasibility of applying a soft 2,4
2 computing methodology for a particular problem.
CO Apply fuzzy logic and reasoning to handle 3
3 uncertainty and solve engineering problems, genetic
algorithms to combinatorial optimization problems
and neural networks to pattern classification and
regression problems.
CO Effectively use modern software tools to solve real 3
4 problems using a soft computing approach.
CO Evaluate various soft computing approaches for a 4 3
Syllabus
Conta
Unit-3 Advanced Theories
ct
Hours
:15

Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Set theory, Fuzzy versus Crisp set, Fuzzy Relation,
Fuzzification, Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Systems Fuzzy Rule based systems, Predicate logic, Fuzzy

Decision Making Fuzzy Control Systems, Fuzzy
Classification., Minmax Composition, Defuzzification
Method.

Genetic History of Genetic Algorithms (GA), Fundamentals of

Algorithms Genetic Algorithms, Encoding, Operators of Genetic
Algorithm, Basic Genetic Algorithm.
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 Course
Objectives

To introduce soft computing concepts

and techniques of artificial neural
networks, fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and
genetic algorithms
•
To understand the various techniques from the
application point of view.

To analyze various soft computing techniques and

decide the technique to be used in a particular
problem situation.

To implement soft computing based solutions for

real-world problems

DISCOVER .
LEARN . 5
Fuzzy Decision Making
It is an activity which includes the steps to be taken for choosing a
suitable alternative from those that are needed for realizing a
certain goal.

Steps for Decision Making

•Determining the Set of Alternatives − In this step, the

alternatives from which the decision has to be taken must be
determined.
•Evaluating Alternative − Here, the alternatives must be
evaluated so that the decision can be taken about one of the
alternatives.
•Comparison between Alternatives − In this step, a
comparison between the evaluated alternatives is done.
Fuzzy Decision Making
Types of Decision

Individual Decision Making

In this type of decision making, only a single person is
responsible for taking decisions. The decision making
model in this kind can be characterized as −

•Set of goals Gi(i∈Xn);𝐺𝑖(𝑖∈𝑋𝑛);

•Set of possible actions

•Set of Constraints Cj(j∈Xm)

Fuzzy Decision Making
Multi-person Decision Making

Decision making in this case includes several persons so that the expert
knowledge from various persons is utilized to make decisions.

Number of persons preferring xi𝑥𝑖 to xj𝑥𝑗 = N(xi,xj)𝑁(𝑥𝑖,𝑥𝑗)

Calculation for this can be given as follows −

Then, SC(xi,xj)=N(xi,xj)n𝑆𝐶(𝑥𝑖,𝑥𝑗)=𝑁(𝑥𝑖,𝑥𝑗)𝑛
Total number of decision makers = n𝑛

Multi-objective Decision Making

Multi-objective decision making occurs when there are several objectives to be
realized.
There are following two issues in this type of decision making −
•To acquire proper information related to the satisfaction of the objectives by
various alternatives.
•To weigh the relative importance of each objective.
Fuzzy Control System
Fuzzy logic is applied with great success in various
control application. Almost all the consumer products
have fuzzy control. Some of the examples include
controlling your room temperature with the help of air-
conditioner, anti-braking system used in vehicles,
control on traffic lights, washing machines, large
economic systems, etc.
Fuzzy Control System
Why Use Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems

A control system is an arrangement of physical components designed to

alter another physical system so that this system exhibits certain desired
characteristics.

Following are some reasons of using Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems −

•While applying traditional control, one needs to know about the model
and the objective function formulated in precise terms. This makes it very
difficult to apply in many cases.
•By applying fuzzy logic for control we can utilize the human expertise
and experience for designing a controller.
•The fuzzy control rules, basically the IF-THEN rules, can be best utilized in
designing a controller.
Fuzzy Control System
Why Use Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems

A control system is an arrangement of physical components designed to

alter another physical system so that this system exhibits certain desired
characteristics.

Following are some reasons of using Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems −

•While applying traditional control, one needs to know about the model
and the objective function formulated in precise terms. This makes it very
difficult to apply in many cases.
•By applying fuzzy logic for control we can utilize the human expertise
and experience for designing a controller.
•The fuzzy control rules, basically the IF-THEN rules, can be best utilized in
designing a controller.
Fuzzy Control System
Assumptions in Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Design

While designing fuzzy control system, the following six basic assumptions should
be made −
•The plant is observable and controllable − It must be assumed that the
input, output as well as state variables are available for observation and
controlling purpose.
•Existence of a knowledge body − It must be assumed that there exist a
knowledge body having linguistic rules and a set of input-output data set from
which rules can be extracted.
•Existence of solution − It must be assumed that there exists a solution.
•‘Good enough’ solution is enough − The control engineering must look for
‘good enough’ solution rather than an optimum one.
•Range of precision − Fuzzy logic controller must be designed within an
acceptable range of precision.
•Issues regarding stability and optimality − The issues of stability and
optimality must be open in designing Fuzzy logic controller rather than addressed
explicitly.
Fuzzy Control System
Architecture of Fuzzy Logic Control
The following diagram shows the architecture of Fuzzy Logic Control
(FLC).
Fuzzy Control System
Major Components of FLC

Followings are the major components of the FLC as shown in the above
figure −
•Fuzzifier − The role of fuzzifier is to convert the crisp input values into
fuzzy values.
•Fuzzy Knowledge Base − It stores the knowledge about all the input-
output fuzzy relationships. It also has the membership function which
defines the input variables to the fuzzy rule base and the output variables
to the plant under control.
•Fuzzy Rule Base − It stores the knowledge about the operation of the
process of domain.
•Inference Engine − It acts as a kernel of any FLC. Basically it simulates
human decisions by performing approximate reasoning.
•Defuzzifier − The role of defuzzifier is to convert the fuzzy values into
crisp values getting from fuzzy inference engine.
Fuzzy Control System
Steps in Designing FLC

Following are the steps involved in designing FLC −

•Identification of variables − Here, the input, output and state variables must be
identified of the plant which is under consideration.
•Fuzzy subset configuration − The universe of information is divided into
number of fuzzy subsets and each subset is assigned a linguistic label. Always
make sure that these fuzzy subsets include all the elements of universe.
•Obtaining membership function − Now obtain the membership function for
each fuzzy subset that we get in the above step.
•Fuzzy rule base configuration − Now formulate the fuzzy rule base by
assigning relationship between fuzzy input and output.
•Fuzzification − The fuzzification process is initiated in this step.
•Combining fuzzy outputs − By applying fuzzy approximate reasoning, locate
the fuzzy output and merge them.
•Defuzzification − Finally, initiate defuzzification process to form a crisp output.
Fuzzy Control System
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic Control

•Cheaper − Developing a FLC is comparatively cheaper than developing

model based or other controller in terms of performance.
•Robust − FLCs are more robust than PID controllers because of their
capability to cover a huge range of operating conditions.
•Customizable − FLCs are customizable.
•Emulate human deductive thinking − Basically FLC is designed to emulate
human deductive thinking, the process people use to infer conclusion from
what they know.
•Reliability − FLC is more reliable than conventional control system.
•Efficiency − Fuzzy logic provides more efficiency when applied in control
system.
Fuzzy Control System

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Control

•Requires lots of data − FLC needs lots of data to be applied.

•Useful in case of moderate historical data − FLC is not useful for
programs much smaller or larger than historical data.
•Needs high human expertise − This is one drawback as the accuracy of
the system depends on the knowledge and expertise of human beings.
•Needs regular updating of rules − The rules must be updated with
time.
 • TEXT BOOKS
T1. Timothy J. Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering
Applications”.
T2. S.N.Sivanandam, S.N Deepa, “Principles of Soft
Computing”
T3. Lofti Zadeh “Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing”
Word Scientific, 1995.

Referen T4 Samir Roy,Udit Chakraborty, “Introduction to

Soft Computing:Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic
Algorithms”, Pearson.
ces • REFERENCE BOOKS

R1. Bart Kosko, “Neural Network and Fuzzy

Systems: A Dynamic System Approach to
Machine” Prentice-Hall 1998

R2. Fausett, “Fundamentals of Neural Networks:

Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications”,
Prentice-Hall, 1994
R3. Jack M. Zurada, “Introduction to Artificial Neural
Systems”, PWS Publishing Co., Boston, 2000.
R4. J S R Jang, “Neuro-Fuzzy & Soft Computing,”,
Pearson.
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THANK YOU

For Queries:
[email protected]

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