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Methods of Philosophizing

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21 views

Methods of Philosophizing

Uploaded by

hannahpatriciamontano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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* Distinguish opinion from truth

PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
* Realize that the methods of
philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
PPT11/12-Id-2.2
* Evaluate truth from opinions in
different situations using the
methods of philosophizing
PPT11/12-Id-2.3
Aside from using holistic
perspective in analyzing
different situations that you
encounter in your life, you need
also to gather truthful
information that you can use in
making the right decision.
But, how can you
decide whether that
information is true or
not?
I want you to recall your past
experiences in your life. What are
those unforgettable events in your
life that you think other people have
different opinion towards you. But,
you know to yourself that their
opinion is not the truth or it was not
the event which really happened.
Take for example this situation; Nina
is 17 yrs. old, a high school student.
She was always the talk of the town.
Her neighbors gossiped about that
she worked in a nightclub because
she always came home late at night.
But the truth, she was working in a
fast food to help her parents in
raising the family.
What did you notice about
those unforgettable events
of your life?
Do you think the
opinions of other
people reflect the
truth? Why?
How can we
evaluate truth from
opinion?
An opinion is a
person’s statement of
judgment about
something in the
world and about life.
It is important to note,
that opinion should be
validated and needed
further justification to
prove that it is true.
So, how can we
critically validate
opinions?
It is crucial for you to learn
that opinion must be able to
pass the test of justification to
validate if it is true or not. In
short, a person who makes the
opinion must know how to
argue in a most reasonable
way.
When we say an
argument, this is a
group of statements
that supports a
conclusion.
“My friend is lazy.”
Note, that this is not
yet an argument; this
is just an expression
of an opinion.
So, if a person wants to
convince another person
that his opinion is true,
he must provide support
or reason for his claim.
Then, the argument will
be like this, “My friend
is lazy because she
always has so many
reasons and alibis in
making a certain task.”
In this example, the claim of
the person who made such
opinion, “my friend is lazy” is
supported with reason, “She
always has so many reasons
and alibis in making a certain
task.”
Basically, an argument
composed of a claim, the
conclusion of an argument
and premises, the reasons
used to support the
conclusion of an argument.
Ma’am Santos
is one of the
best teachers
in our School.
Ana is
helpful
My boss
is strict.
Remember, not all arguments
are good arguments. Logic as
one of the branches of
philosophy, it studies and
elaborates on good
argumentation.
it is important to know and
recognize those good
arguments from false ones.
These fake arguments are
called “fallacies”.
Fallacies are statements
that appear to be
arguments but don’t
actually support the
conclusion.
For example, “My friend is
lazy because she comes
late to school.” In this
example the stated reason
totally doesn’t give logical
support to the claim.
Some of the Most
Common Fallacies
Argumentum Ad Hominem
(Argument against the Person)

It’s an effort to contradict


the truth of a claim by
pointing out a negative
characteristic or belief of
the person supporting it.
Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally
wrong."
Dave: "Of course you would say that, you're a
priest."
Bill: "What about the arguments I gave to
support my position?"
Dave: "Those don't count. Like I said, you're a
priest, so you have to say that abortion is
wrong. Further, you are just a lackey to the
Pope, so I can't believe what you say."
Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal
to Force)

This is an argument used by


people who want to win a
conflict by issuing a threat
to their opponents.
Example: You had
better agree that the
new company policy is
the best bet if you
expect to keep your
job.
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
(Appeal to pity)

Sometimes called appeal to


emotion. It is an argument
where in people used this to win
people by manipulating people’s
emotions.
I really deserve an “A” on this
paper, professor. Not only did I
study during my grandmother’s
funeral, but I also passed up the
heart transplant surgery, even
though that was the first matching
donor in 3 years.
Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to
the People)

This fallacy believes that a


suggestion must be true
because most/many believe
it to be true.
Everyone drives over
the speed limit, so it
should not be against
the law.
A fact is a true statement.
Some facts never change.
But some facts can change.
A fact that never change:

The Philippines is a country


A fact that can change:

This food is hot.


An opinion is a statement that
tells what someone thinks.
Opinions can also can change.
Can you tell if the following statements
are facts or opinions?

Let’s practice.
Every year except leap year has 365 days.
Correct! That statement is a fact.
French fries taste better with ketchup.
Correct! That statement is an opinion. It
tells what someone thinks.
Maple, oak, and pine are types of trees.
Correct! That statement is a fact.

You’re doing
GREAT!
The temperature outside is 20 degrees.
OOPS! That statement is a fact.

Watch Out! You’re


getting cold!
Computers are the best invention ever!
Correct! That statement is an
opinion …and I’d have to agree with it!
I think I look terrible in orange.
Correct! That statement is an opinion.
It tells what someone thinks.
I think you look
marvelous in
orange.
Mother is working in the garden.
Correct! That statement is a fact.

Now you’re
getting
the idea!
Pizza is the best tasting food.
Correct! That statement is
an opinion. It tells what
someone thinks.
I think
burgers are
best.
Soccer and tennis are both sports.
Correct! That statement is a fact.

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