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Topic 31 - Surface Integrals

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7 views

Topic 31 - Surface Integrals

Uploaded by

julialoya35
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic: Surface Integrals

Surface Integrals
The relationship between surface integrals and surface area is much
the same as the relationship between line integrals and arc length.

Consider whose domain is a surface .

NOTE: When defining the surface integral of over , it must be true


that if , the value of the surface integral is the surface area of .

Suppose that a surface has a vector equation

First, let’s say that is a rectangle.


Surface Integrals

𝑣 𝑧 ∗
𝑃 𝑖𝑗

𝐷 𝑆
𝑟⃗ ( 𝑢 , 𝑣 )
∆ 𝑣 𝑅𝑖𝑗 𝑆 𝑖𝑗
∆𝑢

𝑂 𝑢 𝑦
𝑥
Surface Integrals
By dividing the corresponding patches in , we form the following
Riemann sum:

Then, we take the limit as the number of patches increases and


define the surface integral of over the surface as
Surface Integrals
Recall that

where

If the components are continuous and and are nonzero and


nonparallel in the interior of , it can be shown that, even if is not
a rectangle, that
Example
Evaluate

where is given by for


Example
Compute the surface integral

where is the unit sphere


Example (Cont’d)
Example (Cont’d)
Example
Compute the surface integral

where is part of the cylinder ,


Surface Integrals
For a function , we can do the following parametrization:

Therefore,

and
Example
Evaluate

where is the part of the plane that lies above the rectangle .
Example
Evaluate

where is the cone given by .


Oriented Surfaces
Now we will consider only orientable (two-sided) surfaces.

At each point we have two unit normal vectors and .


𝑧 ⃗1
𝑛

⃗2
𝑛
𝑂
𝑥 𝑦
If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector at every point so
that varies continuously over , then is called an oriented surface.

The given choice of provides an orientation.


Orientable vs Non-Orientable

Images taken from Calculus: Early Transcendentals 8th Edition by James Stewart
Oriented Surfaces - Functions
For a surface given as the graph of , we use

and we use

to associate with the surface a natural orientation given by the


unit normal vector:

This gives the ____________________ orientation of the surface.


Oriented Surfaces
If is a smooth orientable surface with parametrization , then it
has (automatically) the following oriented unit normal vector

For a closed surface, the convention is that the positive


orientation is the one for which the normal vectors point outward
from .

Images taken from Calculus: Early Transcendentals 8th Edition by James Stewart
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
If is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface with
unit normal vector , then the surface integral of over is

This integral is also called the flux of across .

Image taken from Calculus: Early


Transcendentals 8th Edition by James
Stewart
Applications – Some Notes
If is an electric field, then the surface integral

is called the electric flux of through the surface .

In electrostatic, Gauss’s Law says that the net charge enclosed by


a closed surface is

where is a constant called the permittivity of free space.


Applications – Some Notes
If the temperature at a point is given by , then the heat flow is
defined as the vector field

where is a constant (determined experimentally) called the


conductivity of the substance.

The rate of heat flow across the surface in the body is given by
the surface integral
Example
Evaluate

for with over oriented so the component of is positive.


Example (Cont’d)
Example
Find the flux of the vector field across the unit sphere
Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
Let and be a surface given by

Then,

and

Therefore,
Example
Evaluate

for over the surface , oriented in such way that the component
of is positive.
Example
Evaluate

for and is the part of the cone between the planes and with
downward orientation.
Example
Evaluate

where and is the part of the paraboloid that lies above the unit
square and has upward orientation.
Example (Cont’d)

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