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LOGIC

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34 views15 pages

LOGIC

Uploaded by

eunicekyzahilusorio10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

It is not easy to summarize in a few paragraphs the


subject matter known as logic. For lawyers and judges,
logic is the science of correct reasoning. They often use
logic to communicate more effectively, construct valid
arguments, analyze legal contracts, and make decisions.
Law schools consider a knowledge of logic to be one of
the most important predictors of future success for their
new students.
Many other professionals also make extensive use of
logic. For instance, programmers use logic to design
computer software, electrical engineers use logic to
design circuits for smartphones, and mathematicians
use logic to solve problems and construct mathematical
LOGIC STATEMENTS AND QUANTIFIERS

One of the first mathematicians to make a serious


study of symbolic logic was Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz(1646-1716). Leibniz tried to advance the
study of logic from a merely philosophical subject to a
formal mathematical subject. Leibniz never
completely achieved this goal: however, several
mathematicians such as Augustus de Morgan
( 1806-1871) and George Boole (1815-1864) ,
contributed to the advancement of symbolic logic as a
mathematical discipline.

LOGIC STATEMENTS

Every language contains different types of sentences,


such as statements, questions,, and commands . For
instance,
“Is the test today” is a question.
“Go get the newspaper” is a command.
“This is a nice car” is an opinion.
A Statement
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or
false, but not both true or false.
It may not be necessary to determine whether a sentence
is true to determine whether it is a statement. For instance,
consider the following sentence.

> Yosemite National Park is located in California.

You may know if the sentence is true, but you do know that
the sentence is either true or it is false, and that it is not
both true and false. Thus, you know that the sentence is a
statement.
EXAMPLE 1. Identify statements
Determine whether each sentence is a statement.
Florida is a state in the United States.
How are you?
99 + 2 is a prime number.
x+1 = 5

Solution:

Florida is one of the 50 states in the United States, so this sentence is true and
it is a statement.
The sentence “How are you?” is a question; it is not a declarative sentence.
Thus it is not a sentence.
You may not know whether 99 + 2 is a prime number. However, you o know that
it is a whole number larger than 1, so it is either a prime number or it's not a
prime number. The sentence is either true or it is false, and it is not both true
and false, so it is a statement.
X + 1= 5 is a statement. It is known as an open statement. It is true for x =4 ,
and it is false for any other values of x. For any given value of x, it is true or
false but not both.
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea. A compound statement is a statement
that convey two or more ideas.
Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such as and, or, if,... then, and if and only if
creates a compound statement. For instance, “I will attend the meeting or “I will go to school” is a
compound statement. It is a compound of the two simple statements, “I will attend the meeting” and “
I will go to school.” The word or is a connective for the two simple statements.
George Boole used symbols such as p, q, r and s to represent simple statements and the symbol

to represent
connectives.
Logic Connectives and
Symbols
Truth Value and Truth Tables
The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or False (F).
The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values of its
simple statements and its connectives.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for
all possible truth values of the simple statements.
EXAMPLE 2. Write the negation of a statement

Write the negation of each statement


Lea Salonga is an opera singer.
The dog does not need to be fed.

Solution

1. Lea Salonga is not an opera singer.


2. The dog needs to be fed.
EXAMPLE 3. Write Compound Statements in
Symbolic Form

Consider the following simple statements.


p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.

Write the following compound statements in


symbolic form.
a. Today is Friday and it is raining.
b. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going
to a movie.
d. If it is raining ,then I am not going to the
basketball game.
EXAMPLE 4. Translate Symbolic
Statements
Consider the following statements.
p: The game will be played in Atlanta.
q: The game will be shown on CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN.
s: The Mets are favored to win.
Write each of the following symbolic
statements in words.

Solution
a. The game will be shown on CBS and the game will be played in Atlanta
b.The game will be shown on ESPN and the Mets are favored to win.
c. The Mets are favored to win if and only if the game will not be played in Atlanta.
THANK
YOU

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