Lesson SLOPE & Y-INTERCEPT

41 OF THE REGRESSION
LINE BY STEPS
 OBJECTIVES
Identify the slope and y-intercept from the
1
equation of the regression line

calculate the slope and y-intercept of the regression

2
line by steps and using the calculator

3 formulate the equation of the regression line

Review:

It shows the steepness of a line and

represents the rate of change in y as x
changes.
S
Review:

It shows the steepness of a line and

represents the rate of change in y as x
changes.
S L O P E
Review:
A point where the line crosses or intersects
the horizontal or vertical axis.
I
Review:
A point where the line crosses or intersects
the horizontal or vertical axis.
I
Answer:

I N T E R C E P T
Review:
A type of regression that finds the best-fit line
to represent a bivariate data set.
L
Review:
A type of regression that finds the best-fit line
to represent a bivariate data set.
L

Answer:

L I N E A R
Review:
The algebraic expression of a regression line.

E
Review:
The algebraic expression of a regression line.

Answer:

E Q U A T I O N
 DO YOU REMEMBER?
Determine the y-intercept and slope of the line then graph it in a
Cartesian Plane.

Slope –intercept form

slope
y-intercept
3
𝑚 = 𝑏 =2
4
 DO YOU REMEMBER?
3
𝑚=
4

𝑏=2
 REGRESSION LINE
Is the best-fitting straight line on a scatter plot of sample data.
Best-fit straight line is used to predict the value of y for a given
value of x.
REGRESSION EQUATION
^
𝑦 =𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
where:
Linear Regression
• Linear regression is a type of best-fit line
regression that consist of finding
the best fitting line on a scatter
plot of a sample data.
• This best-fit line (also called
regression) is used to predict the
value of y for a given value of x.

• The slope and y-intercept of the

regression line play an important role in
analyzing a set of data. The slope
indicates the steepness of a regression
line and the y-intercept indicates the
location where it intersects the y-axis.
 AS EASY AS a AND ^
𝑦
b =𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
Given the regression equation, identify the slope (b) & y-intercept (a)
Regression equation slope y-intercept

2 5
−1 − 4
1
4 −1
−5 3
2
3 4
 SOLVING a & b
1. Create a table with four columns
2. List the values for
3. Multiply and to get
4. Square to get
5. Get the sum of each column.
6. Substitute the solved values in the formula.
 YEARS OF SERVICE
Jose made a list of his salary since he started working
length of 1 5 10 15 20 25
service (in
years)

salary 22,000 26,000 30,000 35,000 41,000 45,000

Determine the slope, y-intercept and regression equation.

Independent variable (x) – length of service
Dependent variable (y) – salary
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
( 2
)
𝑛 Σ 𝑥 −( Σ 𝑥) 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6
𝑏=
❑
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
( 2
)
𝑛 Σ 𝑥 −( Σ 𝑥) 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6( 2,922,000)
𝑏=
❑
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
( 2
)
𝑛 Σ 𝑥 −( Σ 𝑥) 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −
𝑏=
❑
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
( 2
)
𝑛 Σ 𝑥 −( Σ 𝑥) 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)
𝑏=
❑
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
( 2
)
𝑛 Σ 𝑥 −( Σ 𝑥) 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)(199,000)
𝑏=
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −( Σ 𝑥)
2 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)(199,000)
𝑏=
6¿¿
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −( Σ 𝑥)
2 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)(199,000)
𝑏=
6 ( 1,376 )
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −( Σ 𝑥)
2 2

76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔

6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)(199,000)
𝑏=
6 ( 1,376 ) −
 YEARS OF SERVICE
1. Create a table with four
columns
2.
1 22,000 22,000 1
3. to get 5 26,000 130,000 25
4.to get 10 3 0,000 300,000 100
5. Get the sum of each column 15 3 5,000 525,000 225
6. Get the sum of each column 20 4 1,000 820,000 400
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦) 2 4 5,000 1,125,000 625
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −( Σ 𝑥)
2 2
76 𝟏𝟗𝟗,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐,𝟗𝟐𝟐,𝟎𝟎0 𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟔
6 ( 2,922,000 ) −(76)(199,000)
𝑏=
( )
6 1,376 −(76)
2 𝒃=𝟗𝟕𝟎 .𝟗𝟕
^
𝑦 =𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
^
𝑦 =𝑏𝑥 +^
𝑦𝑎=970.97 𝑥 +20,867.74
CALCULATING a AND b USING
CALCULATOR
 SUMMARY- STEPS IN FINDING a,b, &
1. Create table with four columns (
2. List the values for
3. Multiply .
4. Square .
5. Get the sum of each column.
6. Substitute the solved values in the formula
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Solve for
gasoline burned emitted
An environmentalist is
conducting research on 8 19
air pollutants. The data 18 43
shows the gasoline
burned per liter by 5 12
vehicles and emitted 25 60
carbon dioxide in kg.
15 36
50 120
Recall: Equation of a Line
𝑦 =𝑚 𝑥+ 𝑏
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 :
𝑚= the slope of the line
= the coefficient of x
𝑏= the y-intercept
= the point where the line intersects the
y-axis
= the value of y when x = 0
Equation of the Regression Line
^
𝑦 =𝑏 𝑥+ 𝑎 or ^ 𝑦 =𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 :
𝑏= the slope of the regression line
= the coefficient of x
𝑎= the y-intercept of the regression line
= the value of when x = 0
Example: Identify the slope and y-intercept

Regression Line Slope (b) y-intercept (a)

Equation
1. 3 -15

2. -12 20.5
1
3. 87
4
 How do we calculate the slope and y-intercept of a
regression line?
Formulas:
slope (b)
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)
𝑏=
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −¿ ¿
2

y-intercept
( Σ 𝑦 ) −𝑏 (Σ 𝑥 )
𝑎=
𝑛
Example: A teacher believes that excellence is a fruit of hard work and persistence.
That’s why she wants to prove if the number of students’ absences is related to
their general average. On her gathered data, the recorded number of absences and
general average in the recent semester are shown on the table.

Number of General Average

Absences (x) (y)
1 1 98
2 2 90
3 3 86
4 5 87
5 7 85
6 9 85
7 10 78
Example: A teacher believes that excellence is a fruit of hard work and persistence. That’s why
she wants to prove if the number of students’ absences is related to their general average. On
her gathered data, the recorded number of absences and general average in the recent semester
are shown on the table. No. of Genenral
Absences (x) Average (y)
Step 1: Make a data table
1
with four columns (. Note
the sample size, n. 2
3
Step 1: complete the table
* List the data for x and y 4
n=7 5
6
7
Example: A teacher believes that excellence is a fruit of hard work and persistence. That’s why
she wants to prove if the number of students’ absences is related to their general average. On
her gathered data, the recorded number of absences and general average in the recent semester
are shown on the table. No. of General
Absences Average
Step 1: Make a data table with four (x) (y)
columns (. Note the sample size, n. 1 1 98 98 1
2 2 90 180 4
Step 2: complete the table
* List the data for x and y 3 3 86 258 9
n=7 4 5 87 435 25
* To get entries for xy column,
multiply entries in x and y columns
5 7 85 595 49
* To get entries for column, 6 9 85 765 81
square entries in the column x 7 10 78
Step 3: Find the and by adding the 780 100
values in each column Σ 𝑥 =37Σ 𝑦 =609 =3111 2
Σ 𝑥 =269
 From the table we have:
n = 7;
Step 4. We now substitute these to the formulas to solve for the slope and y-
intercept. y-intercept ():
Slope (b):
( Σ 𝑦 ) −𝑏 (Σ 𝑥 )
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥𝑦 ) −( Σ 𝑥)( Σ 𝑦)𝑎=
𝑏= 𝑛
𝑛 ( Σ 𝑥 ) −¿ ¿
2
609 −(−1.47)( 37)
7 ( 3111 ) −(37)( 609) 𝑎=
𝑏= 7
7 ( 269 ) − ¿ ¿ 609+ 54.39 663.39
21777 − 22533 𝑎= ¿
= 7 7
1883 − 1369
− 756 𝑎=94.77
𝑏=
514
𝑏=−1.47
From our computations:
slope = -1.47 y-intercept = 94.77
Substitute the values of slope () and y-intercept () to the
regression line equation:
^
𝑦 =𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎
^
𝑦 =−1.47 𝑥 +94.77

^
𝑦 =−1.47 𝑥 +94.77
The sign of the slope is used to determine the
trend or direction of relationship between the
dependent variable y and independent variable x.
Interpreting the Slope
Relationship Interpretation
A positive slope means positive When x-values increase, y-values
relationship between variables x also increase. When x-values
and y decrease, y-values also decrease.
A negative slope means negative When x-values decrease, y-
relationship between variables x values increase. When x-values
and y. (inverse relationship) increase, y-values decrease.
A zero slope means no There is no relationship between
relationship between variables x x and y-variables.
and y.
Example
Regression Slope Trend/ Interpretation
Equation Direction

y increases as x increases;
1. 7 Positive y decreases as x decreases
(Positive Relationship)

2. -5 Negative y decreases as x increases

(Inverse Relationship)
^
𝑦 =−1.47 𝑥 +94.77The trend or direction is negative
y decreases as x increases
x y

0 94.77

1 93.30

2 91.83
It’s Your Turn
The following data shows the number of absences and the
number of quizzes missed by five students. Find the equation
of the regression line and predict the number of quizzes
missed by a student who was absent for 6 days.
Student Number of Absences Number of Missed
(x) Quizzes (y)
1 1 1
2 1 2
3 2 4
4 3 2
5 4 4